Ethical issues among

Ethical Issues Among the important ethical issues involving Schwartz that arose in this case are two that were previously encountered (in Case 02) whistle blowing and conflict of interest. However, since these issues played out quite differently in this case than in Case 2, they merit detailed exploration. 

A question that often arises concerns the order of the authors names. This is not really an ethical issue, and practice varies from place to place. Most often the first author is assumed to have made the major contribution to the work, and the senior and/or corresponding author is listed last. However, many variations to this theme exist, such as putting the authors in alphabetical order. In some cases, the specific contributions of each author are described. Ideally, the order of authorship should be decided amicably among the authors, but perceptions sometimes differ between the individuals involved. Authors should not become obsessed with this matter. Ultimately, a researcher s scientific reputation rests on the totality of publications and the significance of contributions to the field. 

The modem advances of biotechnology create numerous ethical issues. Care should be taken in relating directly the therapy type and the ethical issue. Moreover, ethical standards vary among highly respected experts . Indeed, it can be said that, to some extent, everyone is an ethicist, and those involved in biological product development certainly should be. 

In what follows, when 1 refer to some engineering decision, action, or practice as raising an ethical issue, it should be clear from context which of these three kinds of claims is being made that non-obvious harmful consequences may be involved that merit scrutiny from an ethics perspective, that some action or practice is ethically questionable and needs to be addressed, or that there is disagreement among those who care about it regarding its harm- and well-being-related consequences and/or intrinsic ethical acceptability. 

Each case discussion begins with presentation of the basic facts of the situation and, where needed, critical historical background. Next, one or more ethical issue(s) raised in the case is identified. Analysis of the identified issue(s) then follows, with attention to, among other things, how the FEREs apply to the specific situation under scrutiny. Each case study concludes with discussion of one or more lesson(s) that the case suggests, often ones whose appUcabiUty extends far beyond the case at hand. 

While the potential benefits of biomedical nanodevices (and nanomedications) are impressive, they are also likely to raise significant ethical issues. These will invite ongoing ethical reflection by, among others, the practitioners of nanoscale engineering and science involved in achieving them. At least five... 

The statement s final points cut to the political issue of race, equality, and democracy social equality as an ethical principle does not depend upon equality of endowment among diverse human beings there is no evidence for the belief that groups differ in capacities for intellectual and emotional development differences within a given race may outstrip differences between races and there is no evidence that racial mixture is disadvantageous from a biological point of view.32... 

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