Ethical issues populations

For discussions concerning informed consent and medical experimentation on prison populations, see Mark, Vernon H, Neville, Robert, (1977) Brain Surgery in Aggressive Epileptics Social and Ethical Implications. Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine, (eds, Robert Hunt John Arras). Veatch, Robert M, (1977). Case Studies In Medical Ethics, pp, 267-71 Bernier, Barbara L, (1994) Class, Race, And Poverty Medical Technologies And Socio-Political Choices. 11 Harv. BlackLetter J. 115,... 

D. An ethical issue arises when one includes medically underserved patients in a study without providing them with the level of care available to others. Problems with noncompliance, while potentially damaging to a study, do not pose ethical problems in medically underserved populations not encountered elsewhere. Effective study design can overcome problems with generalizing from one population to the next. Subjects everywhere should be... 

The increased used of vaccines has drawn attention to ethical issues associated with safety and the risk-benefit ratio in some cases has come under scrutiny. Vaccines are usually given to patients who are otherwise healthy and have a lower tolerance for risk. Adverse reactions are either quite common ( 10%) or very rare ( 0.0001%). The question of justifiable risk in a healthy population then becomes problematic and difficult to identify. 

Sixth, committee deliberations raised two ethical issues whose occurrence, seriousness, and resolution were uncertain but that deserve tracking and possible future practical or research action. Only open discussion between scientists and ethicists can promote consensus on the issues, and the committee would be remiss if it did not encourage that discussion by mentioning them here. One question is how to report and respond to those with higher exposure levels when health implications are unknown. Secondly, is it ever appropriate to require biomonitoring of higher risk populations such as those occupationally exposed ... 

As disasters are normally associated with population displacement and social upheaval there is always the potential for victims of disasters to feel that their dignity is compromised and their health as whole human beings is under threat. Nurses as key health professionals who value providing a holistic approach must become advocates for maintenance of dignity and human rights for victims of disasters. Ethical issues are commonplace in disaster situations mainly because of the complexity and mix of political and cultural dimensions that exist in the affected population. This complexity may even exist in the international aid relief team. 

Practical and ethical issues of drug research in older populations... 

PRACTICAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF DRUG RESEARCH IN OLDER POPULATIONS... 

Children and prisoners are considered to be vulnerable populations because of issues of potential ethical issues related to informed consent and coercion. Participation in clinical trials is permitted for vulnerable populations, but only if the risks of the trial are minimal. Finally, cancer patients in general can be considered vulnerable because many subjects are terminally ill by the time they enroll in clinical trials [23]. It is important to be aware of the potential ethical issues and similar to other vulnerable populations, minimize the risks and ensure proper informed consent. 

The use of GM organisms in the environment poses certain potential problems. For example, genes for herbicide or insect resistance may spread from crop plants to wild plants, with possible serious consequences tor both agriculmre and namral ecosystems. Farmers may be faced with new superweeds , while insect populations could decline. Moreover, the products of GM crops have to be fully evaluated to ensure that they are safe to eat. Genetic modification of animals often has unforeseen side-effects and raises ethical issues about such treatments. 

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated during embryonic development from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ESCs can differentiate into any cell lineage of the three germ layers, and can proliferate undifferentiated indefinitely in vitro. As a result of their limitless differentiation and proliferation capacities, ECSs are attractive for use in cartilage tissue engineering apphcations. However, ethical issues and scientific hurdles such as efficient differentiation of a homogenous cell population, immunorejection, and tumourigenicity have left the clinical potential of the field unrealized [64]. 

The catastrophe raised very serious ethical issues. The pesticide factory was built in the midst of densely populated settlements. UCIL chose to store and produce MIC, a very toxic and even deadly chemical (permitted exposure levels in the US and Britain are 0.02 parts per million), in an area where nearly 120,000 people Uved. The MIC plant was not designed to handle a runaway reaction. When the uncontrolled reaction started, MIC was flowing through the scrubber (intended for neutralizing the MIC emissions) at more than 200 times the designed capacity. 

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