Hydrocarbons, Esters

Reactions in solvents other than carboxylic acids (e.g., ethers, alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, etc.) under conditions given in Table I do not produce detectable amounts of ethylene glycol (less than about 0.02 mmole). (Experiments were carried out to demonstrate that glycol would survive had it been produced in some of these solvents.) However, methanol yields nearly equivalent to those obtained in acetic acid are found in some of these solvents (cf. reactions 1, 10 and 11 in Table I). Reactions in acetic acid diluted with these solvents also give... 

Alkaloids, amines, drugs, fatty acid methyl esters, hydrocarbons, petroleum products, phenols, solvents, waxes, general purposes... 

The dianhydride of perylene tetracarboxylic acid is converted into the pigment form by preparing the corresponding alkali salt and then reprecipitating the compound with an acid. The dianhydride is formed after separating the acid by thermal aftertreatment at 100 to 200°C, possibly under pressure, with an organic solvent. The list of suitable media includes alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acid esters, hydrocarbons, and dipolar aprotic solvents. 

The lipophilic character of their hydrocarbon skeleton and the hydrophilic character of their functional groups are of main importance in the antimicrobial action of EO components. Therefore, a rank of activity has been proposed as follows phenols>aldehydes>ketones>alcohols>esters>hydrocarbons [10]. 

Many cheeses contain the same or similar compounds but at different concentrations and proportions chromatograms of some cheese varieties are shown in Figure 10.25. The principal classes of components present are aldehydes, ketones, acids, amines, lactones, esters, hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds the latter, e.g. H2S, methanethiol (CH3SH), dimethyl sulphide (H3C-S-CH3) and dimethyl disulphide (H3C-S-S-CH3), are considered to be particularly important in Cheddar cheese. The biogenesis of flavour compounds has been reviewed by Fox et al. (1993, 1996a) and Fox, Singh and McSweeney (1995). 

A kinetic study of the photosensitized oxidation of tryptophan-alkyl esters in Triton X-100 micellar solutions has been carried out by Criado et al. [24], The results obtained are presented in Table 6. These data show an important decrease in the relevance of the photo-oxidative pathway in the esterified compounds in the presence of the micelles. The magnitude of the effect seems to be extremely sensitive to the location of the probe, increasing as the length of the ester hydrocarbon chain increases. These results are interpreted in terms of the competition between the local oxygen concentration and the solvent micropolarity effect that... 

Acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, acetate esters Ethanol, acetate, esters, hydrocarbons... 

BDS) craig polyester for alcohols, aromatics, heterocycles, fatty acids and esters, hydrocarbons Tetraethylene glycol dimethylether... 

Alcohols, amines, phenols, aliphatic saturated aldehydes, thioethers, ethers, fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, aromatics, vinyl-type fluorori-nated, and those with one chlorine atom all give a low response. 

Some materials are of natural origin, others are purely synthetic and some are available from both sources, natural and synthetic. Almost all kinds of organic functionalities are represented in the broad palette of the flavorist and perfumer - alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, olefins, amines, phenols, heterocy-clics, etc. Alcohols are particularly important because they are prominent among the relatively inexpensive and readily available materials which make up the bulk of flavors and especially fragrances. 

The aroma of mangosteen is contributed by 52 volatile compounds, 28 of which have been identified. In terms of quantity, the major compounds are (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol (27%), octane (15%), hexyl acetate (8%) and a-copaene (7%). The main contributors to the mangosteen flavour are hexyl acetate, (Z)-hex-3-enyl-acetate (cis-hex-3-enyl-acetate) and (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol (MacLeod and Pieris, 1982). The major groups of compounds found in mangosteen aril are alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, terpenes, etc. The compounds present are given in Table 19.3. 

Because of their high crystallinity POM polymers are white opaque, have high strength and toughness even at low temperatures (usable from -40 °C to 100 °C and for short times at 150 °C). They are resistant to alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons and weak alkalis but are not resistant to acids (pH < 4). The copolymers are more resistant to hot water. 

The hydrogen-bonding group of each polymer has been taken as equivalent to that of the parent mononrer. (The hydrogen-bonding tendency can be assigned qualitatively in the order alcohols > ethers > ketones > aldehydes > esters > hydrocarbons or setniquantitatively from infrared absorption shifts of CH rOD in a reference solvent and in the liquid of interest (7J.)... 

Deodorizer distillate is the material collected from the steam distillation of oils. It is a mixture of free fatty acids (especially during physical refining) tocopherols, phytosterols and their esters, hydrocarbons, and hpid oxidation products. The quality and composition of deodorizer distillate depends on the feedstock oil composition and processing conditions. Tocopherols and sterols are the most valuable components that can be recovered from the distillate, and they are used in the nutrition supplement and pharmaceutical industries (201). Typical soybean deodorizer distillate contains about 33% unsaponifiable matters, of which 11% is tocopherol and 18% sterol (202). 

Distillation of citrus juices yields two volatile fractions, namely, aqueous essences and essence oils that are separated from each other by condensation of the distillate (7). Aqueous essence, the bottom layer of the condensate is comprised of organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, hydrogen sulfide, and oxides (10). Considering many components found in both cold-pressed peel oil and aqueous essence, essence oil has a flavor similar to that of the combined peel oil and aqueous essence (10). However, essence oil usually contains a larger amount of... 

Properties Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Slightly soluble in water readily soluble in alcohol, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons. Flash p 175F (79.4C). Combustible. 

C), bp 154C, flash p 115F (46.1C) (CC) bulk d 8.55 lb/gal (20C), autoign temp 752F (400C). Miscible with water, alcohols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, oil. Combustible. 

Properties Colorless liquid pleasant odor. D 0.887, flash p 58F (14.4C), boiling range 96.0-102.0C, bulk d 7.36 lb/gal, autoign temp 842F (450C), fp -92C. Slightly soluble in water miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons. 

The richest sources of vitamin E in the diet are vegetable oils. a-Tocopherol is the major contributor to the total vitamin E activity in some oils, but others contain substantial amounts of y-tocopherol (Figure 6.5). Typically, wheat germ, sunflower, cottonseed, and safflower oils contain about 1700, 500, 400, and 350 mg of a-tocopherol equivalent kg-1, respectively. Tocopherols are concentrated in deodorizer distillate (DOD) during the deodorization step. As a result, DOD is a good source of natural tocopherols that are used to make natural vitamin E. DOD is composed of FAs, mixed mono-, di-, or triacylglycerols, sterols, tocopherols, sterol esters, hydrocarbons, and oxidation by-products. DOD is frequently collected and sold. A... 

The essence of citrus flavor is a complex mixture of volatile alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones and oxides. Alcohols are the largest class and ethanol is the main organic constituent of the essence. Esters and aldehydes are considered to contribute most to the characteristic flavor and aroma. In these two classes ethyl butyrate and acetaldehyde were shown to be important components of high quality orange juice (1). 

To understand the behavior of the mixed host-probe films, it is essential to understand the behavior of the pure films of both components. We previously investigated in detail the behavior of the pure films of 12-nitrox-ide stearate [2-( 10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4 -dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl] including its extraordinary temperature dependence (7, 8, 16). In this paper we extend our investigations to the pure films of other nitroxide stearic acid (and methyl ester) probes where the oxazolidine ring is attached to various carbon atoms of the stearic acid (or ester) hydrocarbon chain. This series of spin-label probes is one of those most extensively used to study cell membrane structure. It was used to define, among other things, an order parameter establishing the fluidity (17) and polarity profiles (18) of lipid bilayers. 

Triacylglycerols Diacylglycerols Monoacylglycerols Fatty acids Phospholipids Cholesterol Cholesteryl esters Hydrocarbons... 

Vinyl acetate is an ester hydrocarbon-derivative compound. It is a colorless liqnid that has been stabilized with an inhibitor. Although it is a polar compound becanse of the carbonyl structure, it is only shghtly miscible in water. Vinyl acetate is a highly flammable hquid, with a flammable range of 2.6 to 13.4% in air, and it... 

Plasticizers include esters of aromatic and aliphatic acids and anhydrides, epoxidized oil, phosphate esters, hydrocarbon oils and polymeric materials. PVC is the polymer most in need of plasticizers, but polyvinyl acetate, epoxies, cellulose nitrate and acetates also require these additives. 

Chemical properties The bulky shape of the MMA group ensures an amorphous structure because it prevents close packing of polymer chains. PMMA has extremely good weathering resistance. Acrylics are dissolved or stress crazed on contact with ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, acids and alkalis. ... 

Dimeric and oligomeric triglycerides Volatile compounds (e.g., aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds)... 

Calcium chloride Ethers, esters, hydrocarbons, alkyl halides Alcohols, amines, phenols, amides, ketones 0.3 None 1500... 

Features Compat. with phenolic, rosin esters, hydrocarbons and alkyd resins... 

Uses Surlaclant, emulsifier, wetting agent tor hydrocarbons and ester/ hydrocarbon mixts. in l l deaning, printing industry, coatings Properties Anionic E-Tec 520 [Electrochem. Prods.]... 

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