Ester Derived from Vegetable Oils

Methyl Ester Derived from Vegetable Oils 

The use of the methyl ester of vegetable oils was proposed as early as 1983 by Guibet et al. [1] and one of the first industrial units was started in France near Compiegne based on a design by IFF in 1993. 

Characteristics Diesel Rapeseed oil Methyl ester of rapeseed oil 

Unlike vegetable oils, the methyl esters have properties very near those of diesel oil, as illustrated in Table 9.2 for the case of rapeseed oil (the most common starting material in Europe). 

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Abidi, S. L. (2004). Capillary electrochromatography of sterols and related steryl esters derived from vegetable oils. J. Chromatogr. A 1059, 199—208. 

Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters derived from vegetable oils are valuable compounds for the production of fine chemicals for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Moreover, they are considered to be a promising fuel for direct injection diesel engines. The classical method of fatty acid methyl and ethyl ester (FAME)... 

Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters derived from vegetable oils are considered to be a promising fuel for direct injection diesel engines. Moreover, they are valuable compounds for the production of fine chemicals for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Leclercq et a/.1711 showed that the methanolysis of rapeseed oil can be carried out with MgO, although its activity depends strongly on the pretreatment temperature of this oxide. Thus, with MgO pretreated at 823 K and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 75 at methanol reflux, a conversion of 37 % with 97 % selectivity to methyl esters was achieved after 1 h in a batch reactor. 

Methyl Ester Derived from Vegetable Oils... 

The oil originally used in oil-based drilling fluids was either crude or diesel oil. These oils have been largely replaced by refined mineral oils with aromatic contents below about 0.25 wt% (53). Alternative oil phases that have recently been introduced are poly(alphaolefins) (54) and esters derived from vegetable oils (55). These and other synthetic oils have been introduced in response to environmental pressures on the disposal of waste oil. 

The dibasic acids, dimer acids, are produced commercially from vegetable oil fatty acids or esters, mainly C18 unsaturated fatty acids or esters, such as linoleic acid, ricinoleic acid, oleic acid. These fatty acids or esters derived from vegetable oils, such as dehydrated castor oil, tall oil, tung oil etc., are polymerized to give a mixture of dibasic and polybasic acids. This polymerized monomer chiefly includes dibasic dimeric fatty acids and small fractions of the monomeric, trimeric and higher polymeric fatty acids and, therefore, these are designated by the term dimer acids . These dimer acids find an outlet as important intermediates for the manufacture of plasticizers, synthetic lubricants, and high polymeric products because of their increased functionality compared with ordinary fatty acids. 

The urge to find sustainable replacements for transport fuel has led to a drive to find renewable, nontoxic, and carbon-neutral biofuels. Biodiesel is a fuel composed of mono-alkyl ester derived from vegetables oil or fats oil, which is proven to contribute to reductions in the world s dependence on fossil oils (Mumgesan et al., 2009). The most significant advantages of biodiesel usage over fossil fuel are ... 

To improve processing and to plasticize the mbber compound, numerous processing agents have been used over the years, eg, petroleum and ester plasticizers, resins and tars, Hquid mbber peptizers, peptizers, fatty acids and derivatives from vegetable oils, and polyethylene and hydrocarbon waxes. 

These comprise a large group because almost any acid can be reacted with almost any alcohol to produce an ester which might be suitable as a coating resin. The distinction between an alkyd and a polyester is that the former contains monobasic acids usually derived from vegetable oils such as linseed, soyabean or coconut while the latter do not. 

Base fluids (BFs) represent the major ingredient of nonaqueous drilling mud systems. They act as the continuous phase in OBMs and SBMs. Oil-based fluids (OBFs) such as diesel and mineral oils have been replaced with synthetic-based fluids (SBFs) because of the deleterious environmental hazards of OBMs. The SBFs contain fatty adds which are usually derived from vegetable oil (e.g., palm oil) or fish oil. SBFs usually constitute about 50-90% by volume of the fluid portion of the SBM [27] and about 20-40 % of the mass of the mud [35]. Ethers, esters, acetals, polymerized olefins (poly-a-olefins, linear a-oleftns, and internal olefins), enhanced mineral oils, and paraffins are used most frequently as SBFs (Table 11.2) in mud formulations [8, 36, 37]. 

Biodiesel is technically defined as monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats conforming to ASTM D6751 specifications [13]. Blends are denoted as BXX XX indicates the percentage of biodiesel contained within the blend. As we go forward, it is up to today s automotive chemist to work to develop efficient processes such as these in order to maintain our environment as well as to remain competitive in a global market. 

Fat digestion is an enzyme-mediated process that breaks fat molecules into glycerol and fatty acids, which are then able to enter the blood stream. Olestra is a hexa-, hepta-, or octa-ester of fatty acids (derived from vegetable oil, such as soybean oil or cottonseed oil) and sucrose. Because the body contains no digestive enzymes that can convert Olestra s fat-like molecules into their smaller... 

The major market for plasticizers is dominated by ptimary plasticizers, phthalate esters, while 10—15% of plasticizers are derived from vegetable oils. The annual plasticizer market is "0.91 MMT (1 million t) and growing. Of the epoxidized vegetable oils, soybean oil is used in "75% of production. Epoxy linseed oil is used in vinyl liners of botde caps and medical mbing, where extraction of plasticizet must be avoided. Epoxy sunflower oil is more compatible with vinyl resin, while epoxy tall oils are used in some plastic products. 

Natural mixed tocopherols (E306), natural D-a tocopherol, natural o-a tocopherol acetate, natural D-a tocopherol succinate from soybean sources Vegetable oil-derived phytosterols and phytosterol esters from soybean sources Plant stanol ester produced from vegetable oil sterols from soybean sources Whey used in distillates for spirits Lactitol... 

Synthesis of New Derivatives from Vegetable Oil Methyl Esters via Epoxidation and Oxirane Opening... 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

The acetate ester of a-tocopherol, rather than the free alcohol, is used as a food supplement on account of its greater stability. Both 7 7 f -a-tocopheryl acetate and totally synthetic all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate are commercially available, the former having a biological activity of 1.36 IU/mg and the latter 1.00 IU/mg (44). The / / / -a-tocopheryl acetate is obtained by extraction from vegetable oils. Since it is not isolated without some chemical processing, it cannot legally be called natural, but it can be described as derived from natural sources. 

Biodiesel A fuel derived when glycerin is separated from vegetable oils or animal fats. The resulting byproducts are methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin which can be used in soaps and cleaning products. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is currently used as an additive to that fuel since it helps with lubricity. 

Most vegetable oils (and animal fats and oils) have the triglyceride structure. Fig. 6.8, as tri-esters derived from glycerol and fatty, carboxylic, acids. The fatty acids are almost always straight chains containing between 8 and 22 carbon atoms and may be saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated. Vegetable oil compositions are normally described in terms of their fatty acid content, referring to the acid ester moieties actual fatty acids present in the oil are known as free fatty acids. 

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