Phytosterol esters

Sanders, D. J., Minter, H. J., Howes, D., and Hepburn, P. A. (2000) The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phy-tosterols in the rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38, 485 91. 

Soybeans and products thereof, except fully refined soybean oil and natural tocopherols, soybean oils derived phytosterols and phytosterol esters, and stand ester... 

Assay Not less than 86.0% of Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters and not more than 9.0% of free vegetable oil sterols, the sum not less than 95.0%. Not less than 59.0% of des-methyl-sterols. Not more than 5.0% of acyl-glycerides. The vegetable oil sterols in Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters show the following typical distribution ... 

Acidity Not more than 0.2 expressed as gram of potassium hydroxide (KOH) per kilogram of Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters. 

Relative Levels of Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters and Vegetable Oil Sterols... 

Phytosterols are structurally very similar to cholesterol and the major phytosterols (campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol) have the same kind of membrane viscosity modulating function in plants that cholesterol (C27 3-OH-C6 C6 G61 C5—C8) has in animals. Campesterol (24-methylcholesterol), sitosterol (24-ethylcholesterol) and stigmasterol (A22, 24-ethylcholesterol) are widespread phytosterols. The animal sterols lanosterol and cholesterol are present in particular plants. Phytosterol esters reduce cholesterol absorption and lower LDL-cholesterol. 

Moreau, R.A. Powell, M.J. Hicks, K.B. Norton, R.A. 1998. A Comparison of the levels of ferulate-phytosterol esters in com and other seeds. In Advances in Plant Lipid Research ( Sanchez, J. Cerda-Olmedo, E. Martinez-Force, E.,Eds.) Uni-versidad de Sevilla, Spain, pp. 472 74. 

Weststrate, J.A. et al., Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Rart 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem. Toxicol, 37, 1063, 1999. 

Sterols The total phytosterol content (free and esterified phytosterols) of corn germ oil is higher than in most of the other vegetable oUs (3, 70). Com germ oil contains about 1.1% (w/w) phytosterol esters (70). Sitosterol is the major sterol... 

Cholesterol esterase hydrolyses sterol esters. Cholesterol is absorbed as free sterol (39), and the effects of phytostanol esters and phytosterol esters are mediated by the free phytostanol/sterol. 

Supercritical fluid technology has also been investigated for the enrichment of minor oil components. SFE coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography has been investigated for the enrichment of ferulate phytosterol esters from corn bran... 

Clifton, P.M. M. Noakes D. Ross A. Fassoulakis M. Cehun P. Nestel. High dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering./. Lipid Res. 2004, 45, 1493-1499. 

One approach to increase the plQlosterol ester content of vegetable oils is via refining rather than isolating em from the by-products and then adding them back to the oil (26). Such a processing scheme simplifies the eruichment process and improves the economic feasibility of the production. Dunford and fCing (27) were able to increase the total phytosterol ester content of rice bran... 

Com bran obtained as a by-product finm the dry-milling of com and yields an oil that contains the above mentioned phytosterols (28). Ifowever, these ferulate phytosterol esters (FPE) are present at very low levels (l.S wt%) in the predominately triaqrlglycerol (TAG)-based oil. Therefore, enrichment of these moieties is desired since thQr can be used as nutraceuticals, commanding a high value in the functional foods market ( 18-20/kg) (29). 

The growing recognition of the health benefits associated with phytosterol esters leads to the marketing of new products. Several companies have marketed stanol and sterol ester products. In 1995/1996, Raisio Company from Finland introduced the margarine Benecol with 9% of sitostanol ester. Benecol was also launched in the United States in May 1999. In 1999, Unilever launched its product. Take Control , which contained vegetable oil derived sterol esters. In addition to existing products on the market in 2000, Phytrol , unesterified taU oil phytosterols, was announced (Hicks and Moreau, 2001). 

Natural mixed tocopherols (E306), natural D-a tocopherol, natural o-a tocopherol acetate, natural D-a tocopherol succinate from soybean sources Vegetable oil-derived phytosterols and phytosterol esters from soybean sources Plant stanol ester produced from vegetable oil sterols from soybean sources Whey used in distillates for spirits Lactitol... 

HeUner G,Toke ER, Nagy V, Skakacs G, Poppe L. Integrate enzymatic production of specific structured lipid and phytosterol ester compositions. Process Biochem 2010 45 1245-50. 

Moreau R (2005) Phytosterols and phytosterol esters. In Lai OM, Akoh CC (eds) Healthful Lipids. AOCS Publishing, Champaigne. doi 10.1201/9781439822289.chl5... 

BCritchevsky D (2003) Safety of phytosterols and phytosterol esters as functional food componoits. In Dutta PC (ed) Phytosterols as functional food components and nutraceuticals. CRC Press, New York. doi 10.1201/9780203913413.ch8... 

Quflez J, Rafecas M, Brufau G, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Bullo M, Ruiz JA, Salas-Salvado J (2003) Bakery products eiuiched with phytosterol esters, a-tocopherol and P-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma P-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr 133(10) 3103-3109... 

Mussner MJ, Parhofer KG, Von Bergmann K, Schwandt P, Broedl U, Otto C (2002) Effects of phytosterol ester-emiched margarine on plasma lipoproteins in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia are related to basal cholesterol and fat intake. Metab Clin Exp 51 (2) 189-194. doi 10.1053/meta.2002.29988... 

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