Stanol esters

Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES and Uusitupa MIL 2000. Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr 130 767-776. 

Field, F.J., Bom, E., and Mathur, S.N. 2004. Stanol esters decrease plasma cholesterol independently of intestinal ABC sterol transporters and Niemann-Pick Cl-like 1 protein gene expression. J. Lipid Res. 45, 2252-2259. 

Hallikainen, M.A., Sarkkinen, E.S., Gylling, H., Erkkila, A.T., and Uusitupa, MX 2000. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 715-725. 

Nguyen, T.T. 1999. The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J. Nutr. 129, 2109-2112. Ni, W., Yoshida, S., Tsuda, Y., Nagao, K., Sato, M., and Imaizumi, K. 1999. Ethanol-extracted soy protein isolate results in elevation of serum cholesterol in exogenously hypercholesterolemic rats. Lipids 34, 713-716. 

Nissinen, M., Gylling, H., Vuoristo, M., and Miettinen, T.A. 2002. Micellar distribution of cholesterol and phytosterols after duodenal plant stanol ester infusion. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 282, G1009-G1015. 

O Neill, F.H., Sanders, T. A. B., and Thompson, G.R. 2005. Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester Short-term and longer-term studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 96(Suppl.), 29D-36D. Oakenfull, D.G. 1986. Aggregation of saponins and bile acids in aqueous solution. Aust. J. Chem. 39, 1671-1683. 

Hallikainen, M.A. and Uusitupa, M.I.J. 1999. Effect of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 403-410. 

Note PC = placebo controlled PSE = plant sterol esters PSNE = plant stanol esters CO = cross-over RM = repeated measures SB = single blind. 

A concern has been raised that phytosterol doses that are effective for cholesterol reduction may impair the absorption and lower blood concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. A number of studies showed that phytosterols had no effect on plasma concentrations of vitamin D, retinol, or plasma-lipid-standardized alpha-tocopherol. Moreover, the reports of the effect of phytosterols on concentrations of blood carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, and alpha-carotene) are controversial. There seems to be general agreement that phytosterol doses >1 g/d significantly decrease LDL-C standardized beta-carotene concentrations however, it remains to be determined whether a reported 15-20% reduction in beta-carotene due to phytosterol supplementation is associated with adverse health effects. Noakes et al. found that consumption of one or more carotenoid-rich vegetable or fruit servings a day was sufficient to prevent lowering of plasma carotenoid concentrations in 46 subjects with hypercholesterolemia treated with 2.3 g of either sterol or stanol esters. 

Food and Drug Administration, Talk Paper, FDA authorizes new coronary heart disease health claim for plant sterol and plant stanol esters, http // www.fdagov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS01033.html. Accessed June 7, 2002. 

Mensink, R.R et al.. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yogurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, noncholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations, Atherosclerosis, 160, 205, 2002. 

Temme, E.H. et al.. Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects, Acta Cardiol, 57, 111, 2002. Plat, J. et al.. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 671, 2000. 

Blair, S.N. et al.. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am. J. Cardiol, 86, 46, 2000. 

Gylling, H. et al.. Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholes-terolemic population, J. Lipid Res., 40, 593, 1999. 

Rlat, J. and Mensink, R.R., Effects of plant stanol esters on LDL receptor protein expression and on LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression in mononuclear blood cells of healthy men and women, EASES J., 16, 258, 2002. 

Weber, N. Weitkamp, P. Mukherjee, K.D. Cholesterol-lowering food additives lipase-catalysed preparation of phytosterol and phyto-stanol esters. Food Res. Inti. 2002, 35 (2/3), 177-181. 

Plant sterol and plant stanol esters and heart disease bamboo shoots, nuts, vegetable oils... 

Novel foods include those providing protein (soy and dairy), and those that are intended to improve cardiovascular health (stanol esters, P-glucan, bioactive peptides, and n-3 fatty acids), bone and joint health (calcium, glucosamine, and chondroitin), eye health (lutein), the immune system (milkmicronutrients, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and colostrum), gut health (probiotics and prebiotics), body fitness (conjugated linoleic acid, amino acids, and glyco-macropeptide), energy level, and for beauty. 

A uifique oil with the highest content of natural stanols and stanols ester was discovered in com fiber (Moreau et al., 1996). This com fiber oil, called Amazing Oil, was shown to lower cholesterol levels in animal models (Moreau, 1998). The levels of total phytosterols in com fiber oil range from about 15 to 50%, depending on extraction and fiber pretreatment. Most of the phytosterols in com fiber oil are naturally esterified with either fatty acids or phenolic acids, such as femlic acid, a powerful antioxidant (Figure 6.4). Scientists have worked to move the oil toward use in commercial products (Hicks and Moreau, 2001). 

Plat, J. and Mensink, R.P. (2000). Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factor on non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis, 148, 101. 

Natural mixed tocopherols (E306), natural D-a tocopherol, natural o-a tocopherol acetate, natural D-a tocopherol succinate from soybean sources Vegetable oil-derived phytosterols and phytosterol esters from soybean sources Plant stanol ester produced from vegetable oil sterols from soybean sources Whey used in distillates for spirits Lactitol... 

Nguyen, T.T., The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters, J. Nutr., 129, 2109-2112,1999. 

Andersson, A., Karlstrbm, B., Mohsen, R., and Vessby, B., Cholesterol-lowering effects of a stanol ester-containing low-fat margarine used in conjunction with a strict lipid-lowering diet, Eur. Heart J., 1, 80S-90S, 1999. 

---