Essential oils alcohols

Ledebouriella divaricata Hiroe. Fang Feng (root) Essential oils, alcohol derivatives, organic acids.33 Antipyretic, analgesic, antibacterial, treat migraine headache, common cold and rheumatoid arthritis. 

Odourless solvents can be added to dilute an essential oil. Alcohol is commonly used for a wide variety of essential oils. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is added to sandalwood, and dipropyl glycol (DPG) or phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), which is a natural component of rose otto, is often added to the essential oil. 

Hexan-1-ol Essential oils, alcoholic beverages, widespread 0.8-1... 

C10H13O. B.p. 225-226"C. A terpenic alcohol and a constituent of neroli, petit-grain and bergamot, and of many other essential oils. Nerol has a blander smell than its isomer, geraniol, and is more valuable as a constituent of perfumes. 

C, b.p. 156 C. The most important of the terpene hydrocarbons. It is found in most essential oils derived from the Coniferae, and is the main constituent of turpentine oil. Contains two asymmetric carbon atoms. The (- -)-form is easily obtained in a pure state by fractionation of Greek turpentine oil, of which it constitutes 95%. Pinene may be separated from turpentine oil in the form of its crystalline nitrosochloride, CioHigClNO, from which the ( + )-form may be recovered by boiling with aniline in alcoholic solution. When heated under pressure at 250-270 C, a-pinene is converted into dipentene. It can be reduced by hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form... 

Essential oils (Section 26 7) Pleasant smelling oils of plants consisting of mixtures of terpenes esters alcohols and other volatile organic substances Ester (Sections 4 1 and 20 1) Compound of the type... 

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. This method is appHed to low odored flowers, which do not yield appreciable oil on steam or water distillation, or flowers of valuable but dehcate odor (such as jasmin), which are destroyed on such treatment. Pommades, as such, are seldom used by the industry at present (ca 1995), but are further processed to provide more concentrated extracts such as absolutes. Absolutes, being alcohol-soluble, are much more convenient forms for the perfumer. 

Other commonly occurring chemical groups ia essential oils iaclude aromatics such as P-phenethyl alcohol, eugenol, vanillin, ben2aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, etc heterocycHcs such as iadole (qv), pyra2iaes, thia2oles, etc hydrocarbons (Liaear, branched, saturated, or unsaturated) oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers and macrocyclic compounds such as the macrocyclic musks, which can be both saturated and unsaturated. 

Rose. Rose is one of the most important florals ia perfumery, the most valuable derivatives of which are produced from Rosa damascena, which is grown principally ia Bulgaria, but also ia Russia, Turkey, Syria, India, and Morocco. The concrete, absolute, and steam-distilled essential oil (rose otto) are particularly valuable perfume iagredients. Careful handling and processiag of freshly picked flowers are required to produce these materials of warm, deeply floral, and rich odor quaUty. They are complex mixtures of which citroneUol (9), geraniol (8), phenethyl alcohol [60-12-8] (21), and P-damascenone [23726-93 ] (22) (trace component) are important odor constituents. 

Gum Elemi. This resin, tapped from trees in the Philippines, contains a higher concentration of essential oils than other natural resins. It is a soft, sticky, plastic material that can be deformed manually. Gum elemi [9000-75-3] contains 20—25% essential oils, 13—19% acids, 30—35% resenes (condensed decarboxylated resin acids), and 20—25% terpenic resinols (condensed terpene alcohols). It has an acid number of 20—35 and a saponification number of 20—40. Gum elemi is a film-forming plasticizing resin used in lacquers. 

Volatiles or Aroma. The essential oil, or aroma, of tea provides much of the pleasing flavor and scent of green and black tea beverages. Despite this, volatile components comprise only - 1% of the total mass of the tea leaves and tea infusions. Black tea aroma contains over 300 characterizing compounds, the most important of which are terpenes, terpene alcohols, lactones, ketones, esters, and spiro compounds (30). The mechanisms for the formation of these important tea compounds are not fully understood. The respective chemistries of the aroma constituents of tea have been reviewed... 

Important commercial sesquiterpenes mosdy come from essential oils, for example, cedrene and cedrol from cedarwood oil. Many sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols are important in perfumery as well as being raw materials for synthesis of new fragrance materials. There are probably over 3000 sesquiterpenes that have been isolated and identified in nature. 

The sesquiterpenes found in essential oils have low volatilities compared with monoterpenes and so are isolated mainly by steam distillation or extraction, but some are also isolated by distillation or crystallization. Most of the sesquiterpene alcohols are heavy viscous Hquids and many crystallize when they are of high enough purity. Sesquiterpene alcohols are important in perfume bases for their odor value and their fixative properties as well. They are valuable as carriers of woody, balsamic, or heavy oriental perfume notes. 

Gedrene and Gedrol. Cedarwood oil is one of the essential oils whose production is large and provides a source for synthesizing a number of derivatives. Gedrene (91) and thujopsene (92) are the two main sesquiterpene hydrocarbons found in the oil, along with a number of minor components (187). Gedrol [77-53-2] (93) is the main alcohol component of the oil. 

Patchouli alcohol. Patchouli oil comes from Pogostemonpatchouli and the main constituent is patchouli alcohol [5986-55-0] (105) or patchoulol. Another component of the essential oil is norpatchoulenol (106), a norsesquiterpene derivative as a minor (3—5%) constituent, important ia determining the overall odor of the essential oil (197). The price of patchouli oil ia 1995 was 20.90/kg from Indonesia (69). Alarge proportion of the oil (40—60%) is comprised of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons that do not have much odor value. World production of the oil was at about 750 t ia 1984. It is valuable ia perfumery bases because of its characteristic woody, herbaceous odor (198). 

Manufacture. A limited, amount of natural cinnamyl alcohol is produced by the alkaline hydrolysis of the cinnamyl cinnamate present in Styrax Oil. Thus treatment of the essential oil with alcohoHc potassium hydroxide Hberates cinnamyl alcohol of reasonable purity which is then subjected to distillation. This product is sometimes preferred in fine fragrance perfumery because it contains trace impurities that have a rounding effect in finished formulations. 

Mouthwashes are hydro-alcohoHc preparations in which flavorants, essential oils (see Oils, essential), and other agents are combined to provide long-term breath deodorization. PalatabiHty can be improved by including a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerin or sorbitol (see Alcohols, polyhydric). Occasionally, anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to help solubiHze flavorants and to help remove debris and bacteria from the mouth. 

Essential oils are obtained from fmits and flowers (61,62). Volatile esters of short- and medium-chain carboxyHc acids or aromatic carboxyHc acids with short- and medium-chain alcohols are primary constituents of essential oils, eg, ethyl acetate in wines, brandy, and in fmits such as pineapple ben2yl acetate in jasmine and gardenia methyl saHcylate in oils of wintergreen and sweet birch. Most of these naturally occurring esters in essential oils have pleasant odors, and either they or their synthetic counterparts are used in the confectionery, beverage, perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries (see Oils, essential). 

Organic from Water An area where pei vaporation may become important is in flavors, fragrances, and essential oils. Here, high-value materials with unique properties are recovered from aqueous or alcohol solutions. 

Mondello et al. (54) have developed some applications of on-line HPLC-HRGC and HPLC-HRGC/MS in the analysis of citrus essential oils. In particular, they used LC-GC to determine the enantiomeric ratios of monoterpene alcohols in lemon, mandarin, bitter orange and sweet orange oils. LC-GC/MS was used to study the composition of the most common citrus peel, citrus leaf (petitgrain) and flower (neroli) oils. The oils were separated into two fractions, i.e. mono- and sesquiterpene... 

U. Hener, P. Kteis and A. Mosandl, Enantiomeric distribution of a-pinene, /3-pinene and limonene in essential oils and extract. Part 3. Oils for alcoholic beverages and seasoning , Flav Fragr. J. 6 109-111 (1991). 

---