Erythroleukemia

Hensold, J.O., Hunt, C.R., Calderwood, S.K., Housman, D.E., Kingston, R.E. (1990). DNA binding of heat shock factor to the heat shock element is insufficient for transcriptional activation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 1600-1608. 

Sistonen, L., Sarge, K.D., Phillips, B., Abravaya, K., Morimoto, R.I. (1992). Activation of heat shock factor 2 during hemin-induced differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12,4104-4111. 

Included among other differentiating cell lines which have been established in culture, is the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60, which differentiates into more mature myeloid cells upon treatment with retinoic acid and prostaglandin E] (PGEi). Friend erythroleukemia cells differentiate into hemoglobin-producing cells when treated with either dimethyl sulfoxide, or hexamethylene bis-acetamide. 

Wall, D. B Kachman, M. T Gong, S. Y. S Parus, S. J Long, M. W Lubman, D. M. (2001). Isoelectric focusing nonporous silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatog-raphy/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry a three-dimensional liquid-phase protein separation method as applied to the human erythroleukemia cell-line. Rapid Commun Mass Sp. 15(18), 1649-1661. 

Sipe, D.M., Jesurum, A., and Murphy, R.F. (1991) Absence of Na+, K+-ATPase regulation of endosomal acidification in K562 erythroleukemia cells./. Biol. Chem. 266, 3469. 

One of the first HDAC inhibitors to be identified and characterized was sodium butyrate, where it was found to alter the histone acetylation state (Riggs et al, 1977), and further determined to inhibit HDAC activity both in vitro and in vivo (Candido et al, 1978). Almost a decade later trichostatin A (TSA), a fungistatic antibiotic, was found to induce murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation (Yoshida et al, 1987). To date, a wide range of molecules have been described that inhibit the activity of Class I and Class II HDAC enzymes, and with a few exceptions, can be divided into structural classes including (1) small-molecule hydroxamates, such as TSA, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), scriptaid and oxamflatin (2) short-chain fatty-acids, such as sodium butyrate, sodium phenylbutyrate and valproic acid (VPA) (3) cyclic tetrapeptides, such as apicidin, trapoxin and the depsipeptide FK-228 and (4) benzamides, such as MS-275 and Cl-994 (for reviews see Remiszewski et al, 2002 Miller et al, 2003). Some of these molecules are represented in Fig. 4. 

Yoshida M, Nomura S, Beppu T (1987) Effects of trichostatins on differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res 47(14) 3688-3691 Yoshida M, Kijima M, Akita M, Beppu T (1990) Potent and specific inhibition of mammalian histone deacetylase both in vivo and in vitro by trichostatin A. J Biol Chem 265(28) 17174-17179 Yu ZX, Li SH, Nguyen HP, Li XJ (2002) Huntingtin inclusions do not deplete polyglutamine-containing transcription factors in HD mice. Hum Mol Genet 11(8) 905-914. 

Trichostatin (Fig. 17) was the first HDAC inhibitor discovered and one of the first two compounds (SAHA being the other) to enter clinical trials. Trichostatin (TSA) was first isolated in 1976, by Tsuji and Kobayashi from Streptomyces hygroscopicus as an antifungal antibiotic against Trichophyton spp. In the 1980s, it demonstrated the ability to induce differentiation in Friend murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and inhibited proliferation. ... 

Yoshida M, Nomura S, Beppu T. (1987) Effects of trichostatins on differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res 47 3688-3691. 

Riggs, M.G., Whittaker, R.G., Neumann, J.R. and Ingram, V.M. (1977) Butyrate causes histone modification in HeLa and Friend erythroleukemia cells. Nature, 268, 462-464. 

In the same year, m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) and suberoylanihde hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were identified as inducers of terminal differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells (Fig. 4) [45]. It was not until two years later, however, that the HDACl and HDAC3 inhibiting capacities of these compoimds were recognized [46]. SAHA is currently the leading compoimd in the clinic, and is undergoing phase III chnical trials for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). 

Partially purified nudear extract from K562 erythroleukemia cells... 

Murray NR, Baumgardner GP, Burns DJ, Fields AP (1993) Protein kinase C isotypes in human erythroleukemia (K562) cell proliferation and differentiation. Evidence that beta II protein kinase C is required for proliferation. J Biol Chem 268 15847-15853... 

Sklar MD, Prochownik EV (1991) Modulation of cisplatinum resistance in friend erythroleukemia cells by c-myc. Cancer Res 51 2118-2123... 

Slapak CA, Daniel JC, Levy SB (1990) Sequential emergence of distinct resistance phenotypes in murine erythroleukemia cells under adriamycin selection decreased anthracycline upt e precedes increase P-glycoprotein expression. Cancer Res 50 7895-7901... 

In 1990, researchers at Bristol-Myers Squibb reported the isolation of Bmy-41950 (322) from S. staurosporeus strain R10069 (ATCC 55006). This isolate showed in vitro activity against human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) (307). Two years later, Isono et al. reported the isolation of the same natural product from a different Streptomyces sp., S. platensis subsp. malvinus RK-1409 and named it RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine) (322) (308,309). In nature, this isolate was obtained in its optically active form [ Id + 38.3 (c 0.06, CHCI3) (309). The PKC inhibitor RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine) inhibited the morphological change of a human erythroleukemia cell line, K-562, induced by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), and also showed a weak antimicrobial activity against Chlorella vulgaris and Pyricularia oryzae (308). 

Hematological Effects. Aplastic anemia, leukemia (erythroleukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia), myelofibrosis, and splenic cirrhosis were among the hematological effects commonly found in patients after injection of Thorotrast (Dejgaard et al. 1984 Kamiyama et al. 1988 Kato et al. 1983 Rao et al. 1986 Summers and Chung 1986 Van Kaick et al. 1983). The appearance of the leukemia commonly occurred 20 years after injection (see Section 2.2.4.8). 

The latency period for leukemia was about 20 years, which was 5-10 years shorter than the liver tumors (Frank 1980). The primary forms of leukemia found were erythroleukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia (da Motta et al. 1979 Kamiyama et al. 1988 Mori et al. 1983b). Kamiyama et al. (1988) reported that the damage from Thorotrast may have been due to effects on the hematopoietic stem cell level. 

Nonphysiological compounds have also been described as influencing the overall metabolism of sialic acid. Administration of ethanol (2 g/kg) to rats significantly decreases the sialic acid content of brain tissue.246 Convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole (6,7,8,9-tetrahy-dro-5/f-tetrazoloazepine) are accompanied by a diminution in the rate of biosynthesis of polysialogangliosicles GT, and GQn, in rat brain.227 Such ManNAc analogs as 2-acetamido-l,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose or the 2-(trifluoroacetamido) derivative lead to a marked lowering of the incorporation of radioactivity from labelled ManNAc into glycoconjugate sialic acids of murine, erythroleukemia (Friend) cells.247... 

S. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation and atypical protein kinase C z phosphorylation characterize the DMSO signaling in erythroleukemia cells. Cell. Signal., 12, 667-672 (2000)... 

Funk, C. D., Funk, L. B., Kennedy, M. E., Pong, A. S., Fitzgerald, G. A. Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment, FASEB J. 1991, 5, 2304-2312. 

Rittenhouse, A. R., Vandorpe, D. H., Brugnara, C., and Alper, S. L. 1997. The antifungal imidazole clotrimazole and its major in vivo metabolite are potent blockers of the calcium-activated channel in murine erythroleukemia cells. 1. Membr. Biol. 157 177-191. 

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