Heat-shock element

Hensold, J.O., Hunt, C.R., Calderwood, S.K., Housman, D.E., Kingston, R.E. (1990). DNA binding of heat shock factor to the heat shock element is insufficient for transcriptional activation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 1600-1608. 

Mosser, D.D., Theodorakis, N.G., Morimoto, R.I. (1988). Coordinate changes in heat shock element binding activity and hsp70 gene transcription rates in human cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8,4736-4744. 

Figure 2.2 Proposed mechanism of inducible gene expression mediated by heat shock and certain other pathophysiological conditions. Adapted from Zou et al. (1998). Terminology HSF1 (heat shock factor 1) HSP (heat shock proteins) HSE (heat shock element in DNA) P (phosphorylation).

Heat-shock element Heat-shock protein Heat-shock protein 70 5-hydroxytryptamine... 

Cellular control of HSP expression All HSPs are regulated by a small family of transcription factors called heat shock factor (HSFl ). During a stress condition, HSFl and 2 are hyperphosphorylated in a ras-dependent manner by MAP kinases. Binding of these active HSFl factors to DNA sequences called heat shock elements in the promoters of all stress-inducible genes occurs. This leads to increased transcription of HSP genes and induction of HSP proteins. 

Heat shock factor and heat shock element... 

Mitani, K., H. Fujita, S. Sassa and A. Kappas. A heat-inducible nuclear factor that binds to the heat-shock element of the human haem oxygenase gene. Biochem. J. 277 895-897, 1991. 

Yoo, H.Y., M.S. Chang and H.M. Rho. The activation of the rat copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene by hydrogen peroxide through the hydrogen peroxide-responsive element and by paraquat and heat shock through the same heat shock element. J. Biol. Chem. 21 A 23887—23892, 1999. 

Some transcription control mechanisms can be categorized based on a common response to certain metabolic factors. Enhancers that respond to these factors are called response elements. Examples include the heat-shock element (HSE), the glucocorticoid-response element (GRE), the metal-response element (MRE), and the cyclic-AMP-response element (GRE). 

How do response elements work Response elements are DNA sequences similar to enhancers, but they are involved in a bigger picture of metabolic responses. Gommon response elements are the heat-shock element (HSE) and the cychc-AMP response element (GRE). Hundreds of processes are linked to transcription involving GRE. 

Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes The heat-shock element responds to increased temperature. The metal-response element responds to the presence of heavy metals, such as cadmium, and the cyclic-AMP-response element controls a wide variety of genes based on cAMP levels in the cell. 

Lodha, M., Schulz-Raffelt, M., and Schroda, M. (2008) A new assay for promoter analysis in Chlamydomonas reveals roles for heat shock elements and the TATA box in HSP70A promoter-mediated activation of transgene expression. Eukaryotic Cell, 7 (1), 172-176. 

The changes in transcription are due to the presence of heat shock elements (HSE) in heat shock gene promoters. In E. coli, the consensus sequence for the HSE is CTGCCACCC at nucleotide positions -44 to -36 relative to the transcription initiation site. In eukaryotes, the HSE consist of contiguous repeats (in alternating orientation) of the S-base pair sequence NGAANN (N = any nucleotide), upstream of the TATA box. 

Fig. 1. Chimeric heat shock-// r gene. The entire hsp70 promoter containing two heat shock elements (HSE) and 120 bp of the hs non-translated leader (////////) was ligated to an the coding region from...

FIGURE 5 Activation of transcription of heat-shock genes in mammalian cells. The heat shock factor (HSF) is present as a monomer in normal cells. An increase in temperature results in a trimerization of HSF, which binds to the heat shock element (HSE). HSF is activated as a transcriptional enhancer protein by phosphorylation. 

FdSE (heat-shock element) Activated form of HSF is a trimer MRE (Myb response element) Activates genes of hematopoietic cells... 

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