Protein kinase atypical

Farese RV, Sajan MP, Standaert ML. 2005. Insulin-sensitive protein kinases (atypical protein kinase C and protein kinase B/Akt) actions and defects in obesity and type II diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230 593-605. 

Fat Increased glucose transport GLUT4-translocation PI 3-kinase/Akt mediated translocation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane. Potential involvement of atypical forms of protein kinase C (PKC and A)... 

Ahmad S, Trepel JB, Ohno S, Suzuki K, Tsuruo T, Glazer R1 (1992) Role of protein kinase C in the modulation of multidrug resistance expression of the atypical gamma isoform of protein kinase C does not confer increased resistance to doxorubicin. Mol Pharmacol 42 1004-1009... 

Berra E, Municio MM, Sanz L, Frutos S, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J (1997) Positioning atypical protein kinase C isoforms in the UV induced apoptotic signaling cascade. Mol Cell Biol 17 4346-4354... 

Diaz-Meco MT, Municio MM, Frutos S, Sanchez P, Lozano J, Sanz L, Moscat J (1996) The product of par 4, a gene induced during apoptosis, interacts selectively with the atypical isoforms of protein kinase C. Cell 86 777-786 Dietel M, Arps H, Lage H, Niendorf A (1990) Membrane vesicle formation due to acquired mitoxanthrone resistance in human gastric carcinoma cell line EPG85-257. Cancer Res 50 6100-6106... 

Murray NR, Fields AP (1997) Atypical protein kinase C i protects human leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis.) Biol Chem 272 27521-27524 Murray NR, Thompson LJ, Fields AP (1997) The role of protein kinase C in cellular proliferation and cell cycle control. In Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit Protein Kinase C, PJ Parker and LV Dekker (eds.), R.G. Landes Company, Austin, TX, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 97-120... 

Schbnwasser DC, Marais RM, Marshall C], Parker P) (1998) Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes. Mol Cell Biol 18 90-798... 

S. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation and atypical protein kinase C z phosphorylation characterize the DMSO signaling in erythroleukemia cells. Cell. Signal., 12, 667-672 (2000)... 

Tremblay, R Lavigne, C. Jacques, H. Marette, A. Defective insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of high fat-fed rats is associated with alterations in both Akt/protein kinase B and atypical protein kinase C (z/1) activities. Diabetes, 50, 1901-1910 (2001)... 

Numazawa S., Ishikawa M., Yoshida A., Tanaka S., and Yoshida T. (2003). Atypical protein kinase C mediates activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 in response to oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 285 C334-C342. 

PKC is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprised of at least 11 isozymic forms (Nishizuka 1995 Liu and Heckman 1998). These isozymic forms have been classified as atypical, classical, and novel. Classical PKCs (a, pi, pH, and y) are activated by Ca2+, DAG, phosphatidylserine (PS), and the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Novel PKCs (6, e, r, i, and 0) are activated by DAG, PS, and unsaturated fatty acids, while atypical PKCs (C, A, and 0 are insensitive to DAG but are activated by PS and phosphatidylinositides (reviewed in Liu and Heckman 1998 Newton and Johnson 1998 Nakanishi et al. 1993). PKCs have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular responses, including growth, differentiation, gene expression, angiogenesis, contractility, and vesicle trafficking (Nishizuka 1995). 

Dorin D, Alano P, Boccaccio I et al (1999) An atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) homologue expressed in gametocytes of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Identification of a MAPK signature. J Biol Chem 274(42 ) 29912-29920... 

Dorin D, Semblat JP, Poullet P et al (2005) PfPK7, an atypical MEK-related protein kinase, reflects the absence of classical three-component MAPK pathways in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 55(1 ) 184-196... 

The protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway has been associated with modulation of A-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity, motor behavior, learning, and memory, all of which are severely impaired in intoxication with sarin and similar OPs. There was a reduction in the immunoreactivity levels of betall-PKC and Zeta-PKC in the frontal cortex (up to 24 h), and in the striatum (up to 5 days) post-sarin exposure, in contrast to the increase in the immunoreactivity of both enzymes in the hippocampus or thalamus, following a IxLDso exposure to sarin. These observations suggest a role for both conventional and atypical PKC isozymes in OP-induced neuropathy in the rat and further support their role in cell death (Bloch-Shilderman et al., 2005). 

AC anterior chamber aPKC atypical protein kinase C... 

Stcinbacher S, Hof P, Eichinger L et al. Ihe crystal structure of the Physarum polycephalum actin-fragmin kinase an atypical protein kinase with a specialized substrate-binding domain. EMBO J 1999 18(ll) 2923-2929. 

Cyclic nucleotide regulated protein kinase family = Adenylyl cyclases = A-kinase anchor proteins = Atypical PKCs = Atrial natriuretic peptide = Adenosine 5 -triphosphate = Brain natriuretic peptide = Ca Vcalmodulin-dependent kinases = Cyclin-dependent kinases = Ca -dependent protein kinase = Casein kinase I = Casein kinase II = Dcd-like kinase... 

Staurosporine, a natural product isolated from Streptomyces staurosporeus, is a relatively broad, nonspecific protein kinase antagonist, originally isolated in an effort to define inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC). 7-OH staurosporine (UCN-01) was defined as a more selective, but not specific, PKC antagonist. UCN-01 inhibits classic lipid and calcium-dependent PKCs a, ft, and y (IC50 = 4-30 nM), Ca2+-independent PKCs and less potently (IC 50 approximately 500 nM), and is without effect on the atypical PKCs, e.g., PKC f (97). 

Cussac, D. Newman-Tancredi, A. Pasteau, V. Millan, M.J. (1999) Human dopamine D3 receptors mediate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and an atypical protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 56, 1025-1030. 

Figure 25-14 Mechanism of insulin action. Binding of insulin to the extracellular a-subunit of the insulin receptor induces autophosphorylation of the -subunit of the receptor and phosphorylation of selected intracellular proteins, such as She and the IRS family,These latter phosphoproteins interact with other targets, thereby activating phosphorylation cascades, which result in glucose uptake (in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle), glucose metabolism, synthesis (of glycogen, iipid, and proteins), enhanced gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation, p, protein phosphorylation aPKC, atypical protein kinase C, See text for details.

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