Equipment Selection Procedure

Every water treating system design must begin with the sizing, for liquid separation of a free-water knockout, heater treater, or three-phase separator. These vessels should be sized in accordance with the procedures discussed in previous chapters. 

Determine the oil content of the produced water influent. In the absence of other information, 1000-2000 mg/1 could be assumed. 

Determine oil drop size distribution in the influent produced water stream. Use a straight-line distribution with a maximum diameter of 250-500 pm in the absence of better data. 

Determine the oil particle diameter that must be treated to meet effluent quality required. This can be calculated as effluent quality divided by influent quality times the maximum oil particle diameter calculated in step 3. 

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The initial aim of the procedure is to generate a reasonable base case design that can be used for preliminary economic evaluation of the process. This can subsequently be optimized and/or compared with any process alternatives that are identified. The complete process is always considered at each decision level, but additional fine detail is added to the structure of the flowsheet at any stage. Established heuristics and equipment selection procedures are used together with new process synthesis insights to guide each flowsheet decision. 

Pretreatment For most membrane applications, particularly for RO and NF, pretreatment of the feed is essential. If pretreatment is inadequate, success will be transient. For most applications, pretreatment is location specific. Well water is easier to treat than surface water and that is particularly true for sea wells. A reducing (anaerobic) environment is preferred. If heavy metals are present in the feed even in small amounts, they may catalyze membrane degradation. If surface sources are treated, chlorination followed by thorough dechlorination is required for high-performance membranes [Riley in Baker et al., op. cit., p. 5-29]. It is normal to adjust pH and add antisealants to prevent deposition of carbonates and siillates on the membrane. Iron can be a major problem, and equipment selection to avoid iron contamination is required. Freshly precipitated iron oxide fouls membranes and reqiiires an expensive cleaning procedure to remove. Humic acid is another foulant, and if it is present, conventional flocculation and filtration are normally used to remove it. The same treatment is appropriate for other colloidal materials. Ultrafiltration or microfiltration are excellent pretreatments, but in general they are... 

Process Conceptual Design Equipment selection and sizing Inventory of process Single vs. Multiple trains Utility requirements Overdesign and flexibility Recycles and buffer capacities Instrumentation and control Location of plant Preliminary plant layout Materials of construction As above plus equipment suppliers data, raw materials data, company design procedures and requirements... 

The technology of manufacturing the same basic type or grade of plastics (as with steel and other materials) by different suppliers may not provide the same results. In fact a supplier furnishing their material under an initial batch number could differ when the next batch is delivered and in turn could effect the performance of your product. Taking into account manufacturing tolerances of the plastic, plus variables of equipment and procedure, it becomes apparent that checking several types of materials from the same or from different sources is an important part of material selection and in turn their use. 

The selection and use of testing equipment and procedures, and particularly the interpretation of the results, requires competent people. Some major companies have their own testing facilities, but there are a number of testing houses and consultancies available that you could use. 

Installation Qualification After equipment selection, it is necessary to assure that the equipment is installed well. The IQ document describes and validates the procedure of the equipment installation. It establishes confidence that the process equipment and ancillary systems are capable of consistently operating within established limits and tolerances [10]. The equipment manufacturer and pharmaceutical company must agree and check the IQ, which must be approved by the pharmaceutical company at the end. This document certifies that equipment was installed as specified by the manufacturer and the purchaser. 

Testing procedures were established for each vendor selected for on-site demonstration of filtration equipment. These procedures were based on the need for testing data to properly complete the final equipment specifications and purchase justification. 

This paper describes the selected processing scheme ond the optimisation procedure used to determine the gos processing temperature and looks ot the alternatives that were considered for process equipment selection. 

No serious attempt has yet been made to standardize filtration tests and to categorize filtration behavior in generally accepted terms. A possibly useful measure of filterability, however, has been proposed by Purchas (1977 1981). The time in minutes required to form a cake 1 cm thick when the cell is operated with a differential of 500Torr (0.67 bar) is called the Standard Cake Formation Time (SCFT), tF. The pressure of 500Torr is selected because it is obtained easily with common laboratory equipment. The procedure suggested is to make a series of tests at several cake thicknesses and to obtain the SCFT by interpolation, rather than to interrupt a single test to make observations of cake thickness. A direct relation exists, of course, between the SCFT and resistivity a some examples are... 

Pearsall, K. A., andEckhardt, D. A. V. (1987). Effects of selected sampling equipment and procedures on the concentrations of trichloroethylene and related compounds in ground water samples. Ground Water Monit. Rev. 7(2), 64—73. 

Responds to the release of hazardous substances in a defensive manner without actually trying to stop the release. Requires Level 1 competency and 8 hours of additional training in basic hazard and risk assessment, personal protective equipment selection, containment and control procedures, decontamination, and standard operating procedures. 

Responds aggressively to stop a release. Requires 24 hours of Level 2 training and competencies in the following detailed risk assessment toxicology personal protective equipment selection advanced control, containment, and decontamination procedures air-monitoring equipment and the Incident Command System. 

Chapter 2, Production and Capital Cost Estimation, only contains the essentials of chemical-engineering economics. Many students learn other aspects of engineering economics in a separate course. Rather than placing this chapter later in the book, it is placed here to show the student how equipment influences the production cost. Chapter 2 describes cash flow and working capital in a corporation. This chapter also describes the components of the production cost and how to calculate this cost. Finally, this chapter describes the components of capital cost and outlines a procedure for calculating the cost. Most of the other chapters discuss equipment selection and sizing needed for capital cost estimation. 

Inspection, measuring, and test equipment—Requires procedures for selection, control, calibration, and maintenance of measuring and test equipment. 

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