Nanocomposites epoxy

The direct fluorination of SWNTs and their subsequent derivatization provide a versatile tool for the preparation and manipulation of nanotubes with 

The functionalization of CNTs through plasma treatment represents a novel and easy approach to scale up towards industrial applications. In more recent works, there were many attempts to fluorinate CNT sidewalls in such manner. The CF4 plasma treatment of SWNT sidewalls was demonstrated to enhance the reactivity of tubes with aliphatic amines.The cure reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A-based epoxy resin (DGEBA), when reacted with butylamine molecules (BAMs) anchored on to the plasma treated fluorinated SWNTs, was reported. The advantage of this method was that the functionalization could be achieved through a simple approach, which is widely used in thin film technologies. As covalently modified CNTs with fluorine groups offer the opportunity for chemical interactions with the amine systems, it was recently demonstrated that this 

Another example of how the functionalization of CNTs represents an open issue for the preparation and manipulation of CNT-based nanocomposites with multifunctional properties was reported by Terenzi et It was shown that CNT dispersion affected the rheological properties of 

---

T.J. Pinnavaia, T. Lan, Z. Wang, H. Shi and P.D. Kaviratna, Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites Synthesis, properties, and mechanism of formation. In G.-M. Chow and K.E. Gonsalves (Eds.), Nanotechnology Molecularly Designed Mlaterials, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1996, Vol. 622, p. 250. 

Epoxy nanocomposites, 10 350, 434 Epoxy novolac resins, 10 367-370, 383, 450 multifunctional, 10 452 Epoxy novolacs, 17 839 1,2-Epoxypentane, butyraldehyde derivative, 4 462... 

Fig. 29 TEM micrographs of LDH/epoxy nanocomposites with various LDH contents a 7 wt %, b 5 wt %, and c 3 wt %. The bar length is 50 nm (top) and the process of formation of LDH/epoxy nanocomposites is also shown bottom). (Reprinted from [115] with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 2.10. (a) Flexural strength and (b) modulus of epoxy nanocomposites as a function of increasing the filler fraction. Reproduced from reference 48 with permission from Elsevier. 

In the epoxy nanocomposites containing untreated as well as maleic anhydride grafted nanotubes (51), the tensile strength was observed to increase by 50% at 1 wt% of the modified nanotubes, whereas the untreated nanotubes led to only a slight increase in the tensile strength which subsequently decreased on further addition of these pristine nanotubes. The tensile modulus of the nanocomposites was observed... 

Tseng et al. (51) reported the epoxy nanocomposites in which the nanotubes were functionalized by maleic anhydride by using plasma treatment. The thermal decomposition temperature was reported to increase with increasing the extent of the nanotubes in the composites as shown in Figure 2.16a. Untreated nanotubes were also used to reinforce the polymer and the increase in the decomposition temperature was also observed in this system as a function of filler content, but the enhancement was more significant using the functionalized nanotubes. This was attributed to... 

Figure 2.16. Enhancement of (a) decomposition temperature as well as (b) glass transition temperature as a function of filler content in epoxy nanocomposites. Reproduced from reference 51 with permission from American Chemical Society.

Messersmith, P.B. Giannelis, E.P. Synthesis and characterization of layered silicate-epoxy nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1719-1725. 

Epoxy-nanocomposite systems are relatively novel systems examined first by Pinavaia and Gianellis (Wang and Pinnavaia, 1994, Messersmith and Giannelis, 1994). A recent review of epoxy nanocomposites is provided by Becker and Simon (2005). In terms of che-morheology of epoxy-nanocomposite systems, there are relatively few papers, however. 

Suguna Lakshmi, M., Narmadha, B. Reddy, B. S. R. (2008). Enhanced thermal stability and structural characteristics of different MMT-Clay/epoxy-nanocomposite materials. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp 201-213... 

Ha, SR, Ryu, SH, Park, S J, Rhee, KY. 2007. Effect of clay surface modification and concentration on the tensile performance of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct 44S 264—268. 

Song, YS, Youn, JR. 2005. Influence of dispersion states of carbon nanotubes on physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Carbon Ah 1378-1385. 

Yuan, M.,Brokken-Zijp,J., and de With, G. 2010. Permanent antistatic phthalocyanine/epoxy nanocomposites— Influence of crosslinking agent, solvent and processing temperature. Eur. Polym. J. 46 869-880. 

B. Wetzel, F. Haupert, and M.Q. Zhang, Epoxy nanocomposites with high mechanical and tribological performance. Comp. Sci. Tech., 63, 2055-2067 (2003). 

Lu, H., and Nutt, S., Enthalpy relaxation of layered sihcate-epoxy nanocomposites, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 204,1832-1841 (2003). 

FIGURE 13.6 Storage shear modulus G at 1 Hz of 0.4 wt% CNT-epoxy nanocomposite without amphiphilic molecules ( ) and with HDA a (A) and TDO (o) amphiphilic molecules. 

Chen, J. -S., Pohks, M. D., Ober, C. K., Zhang, Y., Wiesner, U., and Giannelis, E., Study of the interlayer expansion mechanism and thermal-mechanical properties of surface-initiated epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer, 43, 4895-4904 (2002). 

L. Qiliu, H.D. Wagner, A comparison of the mechanical strength and stiffness of MWNT-PMMA and MWNT-epoxy nanocomposites. Compos. Interfaces 14 (2007) 285-297. 

Gam Gam, K. T., Miyamoto, M., Nishimura, R., Sue, H.-J. Fracture behavior of core-shell rubber-modified clay-epoxy nanocomposites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 43 (2003) 1635-1645. 

---