Epoxy-clay nanocomposite synthesis

Epoxy-clay nanocomposites from epoxide precursors have been investigated by research groups at Michigan State University [34-40], Cornell University [41], and Case Western Reserve University [42,43]. In general, the synthesis is similar to that of Nylon-6 and PS... 

Kormann X, Lindberg H, Berglund LA (2001) Synthesis of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Influence of the nature of the curing agent on structure. Polymer 42 4493-4499... 

Srisuwan S, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P (2010) Synthesis and characterizatirai of low-dielectric photosensitive polyimide/silica hybrid materials. J Appl Polym Sci 117 2422-2427 Tagam N, Okada M, Hira N, Ohki Y, Tanaka T, finai T, Harada M, Ochi M (2008) Dielectric properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites—effects of curing agent and clay dispersion method. IEEE Trans Diel Electr Insul 15 24—32... 

Chen, B. Liu, J. Chen, H. Wu, J. Synthesis of disordered and highly exfoliated epoxy/clay nanocomposites using organoclay with catalytic function via acetone-clay slurry method. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4864-4866. 

Hacked E., Manias E. and Giannelis E. R, Molecular dynamics simulations of organically modified layered silicates , J Chem Phys, 1998, 108, 7410-7415. Kornmann X., Lindberg H. and Berglund L. A., Synthesis of epoxy-clay nanocomposites influence of the nature of the clay on the structure , Ro/y/wer, 2001,... 

T.J. Pinnavaia, T. Lan, Z. Wang, H. Shi and P.D. Kaviratna, Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites Synthesis, properties, and mechanism of formation. In G.-M. Chow and K.E. Gonsalves (Eds.), Nanotechnology Molecularly Designed Mlaterials, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1996, Vol. 622, p. 250. 

Aua Auad, M. L., Nutt, S. R., Pettarin, V., Frontini, P. M. Synthesis and properties of epoxy-phenolic clay nanocomposites. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 1 (2007) 629-639. 

Pinnavaia, T. J. Lan, T. Wang, Z. Shi, H. Kaviratna, P. D., Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites Synthesis, Properties, and Mechanism of Formation. 

The model illustrated in Figure 2 summarizes the overall mechanism for formation of epoxy polymer - clay nanocomposites. Upon solvation of the organoclay by the epoxide monomers, the gallery cations reorient from their initial monolayer, lateral bilayer, or inclined paraffin structure to a perpendicular orientation with epoxy molecules inserted between the onium ions. A related reorientation of alkylammonium ions has been observed previously for e-caprolactam intercalated clay intermediates formed in the synthesis of Nylon-6 -exfoliated clay nanocomposites (9). Thus, the ability of the onium ion chains to reorient into a vertical position in order to optimize solvation interactions with the monomer may be a general prerequisite for pre-loading the clay galleries with sufficient monomer to achieve layer exfoliation upon intragallery polymerization. 

Lee A, Lichtenhan JD (1999) Thermal and viscoelastic property of epoxy-clay and hybrid inorganic-organic nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 73 1993-2001 Lee H, Neville K (1967) Handbook of Epoxy Resins. McGraw-Hill, New York Li SM, Jia N, Ma MG, Zhang Z, Liu QH, Sun RC (2011a) Cellulose-silver nanocomposites microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization, their thermal stability, and antimicrobial property. Carbohydr Polym 86 441 147... 

This book covers both fundamental and applied research associated with polymer-based nanocomposites, and presents possible directions for further development of high performanee nanocomposites. It has two main parts. Part I has 12 chapters which are entirely dedicated to those polymer nanocomposites containing layered silicates (clay) as an additive. Many thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers are included, such as polyamide (Chapter 1), polypropylene (Chapter 4), polystyrene (Chapter 5), poly(butylene terephthalate) (Chapter 9), poly(ethyl acrylate) (Chapter 6), epoxy resin (Chapter 2), biodegradable polymers (Chapter 3), water soluble polymers (Chapter 8), acrylate photopolymers (Chapter 7) and rubbers (Chapter 12). In addition to synthesis and structural characterisation of polymer/clay nanocomposites, their unique physical properties like flame retardancy (Chapter 10) and gas/liquid barrier (Chapter 11) properties are also discussed. Furthermore, the crystallisation behaviour of polymer/clay nanocomposites and the significance of chemical compatibility between a polymer and clay in affecting clay dispersion are also considered. 

This system does not increase the carbon monoxide or soot produced during the combustion, as many commercial FRs do [233]. Other polymer silicate nanocomposites based on a variety of polymers, such as polystyrene, epoxy and polyesters, have been prepared recently by melt intercalation [236]. A direct synthesis of PVA-clay (hectorite) complexes in water solution (hydrothermal crystallization) was reported [237]. It was assumed that the driving force of this phenomenon, at least kinetically, can be described in terms of a simple diffusion reaction of polymers/monomers into clay-layered structures. 

Wang, H., Hoa, S.V., Wood-Adams, P.M., 2006. New method for the synthesis of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Apphed Polymer Science 100,4286—42%. 

The in situ intercalative polymerization associated with the UV curing is a technique which was successfully employed in the synthesis of hybrid films, when fast polymerization of liquid monomers yielded in solid materials with designed properties. It was proved to have high eflftciency for epoxy oligomers, vinyl ethers, oxetanes in the presence of onium salts as photoinitiators [232]. The literature is not abundant in reports on the in situ UV-initiated polymerization of epoxides in the presence of layered silicates [233-237], as compared to data on thermally cured or melt compounded nanocomposites. In some studies, the clays were used either unmodified [235, 237] or organically modified [233, 236, 238] or treated with various reagents able to change their surface properties [239-243]. 

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