Epidermal 0 transformation

Xanthine oxidase, a widely used source of superoxide, has been frequently applied for the study of the effects of superoxide on DNA oxidation. Rozenberg-Arska et al. [30] have shown that xanthine oxidase plus excess iron induced chromosomal and plasmid DNA injury, which was supposedly mediated by hydroxyl radicals. Ito et al. [31] compared the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA by potassium superoxide and the xanthine xanthine oxidase system. It was found that xanthine oxidase but not K02 was a source of free radical mediated DNA inactivation apparently due to the conversion of superoxide to hydroxyl radicals in the presence of iron ions. Deno and Fridovich [32] also supposed that the single strand scission formation after exposure of DNA plasmid to xanthine oxidase was mediated by hydroxyl radical formation. Oxygen radicals produced by xanthine oxidase induced DNA strand breakage in promotable and nonpromotable JB6 mouse epidermal cells [33]. 

Aiba, S. et al, In vitro treatment of human transforming growth factor-betal-treated monocyte-derived dendritic cells with haptens can induce the phenotypic and functional changes similar to epidermal Langerhans cells in the initiation phase of allergic contact sensitivity reaction, Immunology, 101, 68, 2000. 

Landmann L (1986) Epidermal permeability barrier Transformation of lamellar granule-disks into intercellular sheets by a membrane-fusion process, a freeze-fracture study. J Invest Dermatol 87 202-209... 

Ebner, R., and R. Derynck. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-cc differential intracellular routing and processing of ligand-receptor complexes. Cell Regulation. 2 599-612.1991. 

Dent P, Reardon DB, Park JS, et al. Radiation-induced release of transforming growth factor alpha activates the epidermal growth factor receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in carcinoma cells, leading to increased proliferation and protection from radiation-induced cell death. Mol Biol Cell 1999 10 2493-2506. 

Dvorak, B., Fituch, C. C., Williams, C. S., Hurst, N. M., and Schanler, R. J. (2004). Concentrations of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha in preterm milk. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 554, 407--409. 

EGF family Epidermal growth factor Transforming growth factor-a... 

Patel B, Hiscott P, Chatteris D, Mather J, McLeod D, Boulton M 1994 Retinal and preretinal localisation of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 78 714—718 Pittendrigh CS 1993 Temporal organization reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher. jAnnu... 

In comparison to the level of cellular serine or threonine phosphorylation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation occurs at quite low levels in normal cells but dramatically increases upon oncogenic transformation or stimulation. Since the first discovery in 1978 that the transforming protein from Rous sarcoma virus (pp60vsrc) exhibited intrinsic kinase activity/5 protein kinase activity has also been shown to be inherent to other growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin receptor,[6 91 and to involve autophosphorylation processes. The diverse biochemical activity exhibited by protein tyrosine phosphorylation has stimulated the development of chemical methods for the preparation of phosphorylated peptides for use as substrates in elucidating the biochemical and physiological activity of phosphorylated site(s). 

Epidermal growth factor, EGF Transforming growth factor-a, TGF-a ca 6 kD, EGF und TGF-a are up to 40 % identical Receptor tyrosine kinase. EGF-R is a produkt of the c-erbB proto-oncogene... 

RLV/Fischer rat assay without the addition of an exogenous metabolic activation system. In a single study, mouse JB6 epidermal cells were transformed by di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate without activation and in one of two studies a weak response was reported in the CSHIOT A cell transformation assay with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in either the absence or presence of exogenous metabolic activation. BALB/c-3T3 cells were not transformed by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with or without metabolic activation. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhibited gap-junctional intercellular communication in Chinese hamster V79 cells in six of seven studies, but not in one study of liver cells of cynomolgus monkeys in vivo. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells in a two-stage exposure with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate resulted in superinduction of ornithine decarboxylase, an early event in morphological transformation no effect was seen after a one-stage treatment with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alone. 

GotohN, Tojo A, Hino M et al. A highly conserved tyrosine residue at codon 845 within the kinase domain is not required for the transforming activity of human epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem... 

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