Epidemiologic studies 798 INDEX

In short-term renal toxicity studies in rats gavage administration of 1,1,2,2-tetra-chloroethane caused renal toxicity as evidenced by an increased renal tubule cell labeling index, indicating replicative DNA synthesis. In 2-year studies 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane administered by gavage produced an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice but not in rats. In one epidemiological study of exposed army workers there was a slight increase in deaths due to genital cancer and leukemia. Exposure levels were not available,... 

The fatal effects of antidepressants in England, Scotland, and Wales during 1975-1984 and 1985-1989 have been compared in retrospective epidemiological studies (7,8). There were 24 deaths due to tranylcypromine, the fatality index for which was significantly higher than the mean for all antidepressants, while that for the other MAO inhibitors was lower. 

It is apparent that abnormally increased excretion of kynurenine metabolites after a test dose of tryptophan cannot necessarily be regarded as evidence of vitamin Bg deficiency. This means that the tryptophan load test is unreliable as an index of status in epidemiological studies, although it is (probably) reliable in depletion/repletion studies to determine requirements. 

Coenzyme QIO is a powerful antioxidant naturally occurring in the mitochondria of myocardium, and it is an electron carrier in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP. Patients with heart failure have lower myocardial levels of coenzyme QIO, but supplementation has been demonstrated to have variable benefits in randomized controlled trials. One meta-analysis on the use in congestive heart failure showed improvements in stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end diastolic volume index. " Another antioxidant associated with beneficial effects in cardiac patients is lycopene, a natural constituent of tomatoes. Lycopene is the major carotenoid found in human serum, and epidemiological studies have indicated an effect of dietary supplementation in reducing heart disease. Few dietary interventions have been reported one study showed a mild but significant hypocholesterolemic effect, and another showed a significant reduction in LDL oxidation. " Animal studies show an antiatherogenic effect of DHEA, and a review of the clinical trials and studies on DHEA in males with coronary heart disease reported a favorable or neutral effect. Plasma levels of DHEA are decreased in patients with chronic heart failure in proportion to its severity. ... 

A randomized controlled trial has indicated that vitamin E supplementation enhances certain clinically relevant in vivo indexes of T-cell-mediated fimction in healthy elderly persons [25]. In addition, epidemiologic studies suggest a number of benefits as a consequence of high intakes of a-tocopherol [26-29]. 

Hypertension and obesity are common pathologic states independendy associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Many epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between bodymass index and blood pressure, and evidence suggests that obesity is a risk factor for the development of hypertension in humans (1,2). Recently, we have shown the preventive effect of CLA on the development of hypertension in obese animal models (10,11). We also have identified the regulatory function of CLA on the production of adipocytokines, biologically active substances... 

Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008 337 al344. Bach A, Serra-Majem L, Carrasco JL, et al. The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies a review. Public Health Nutr. 2006 9(1A) 132—146. 

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