Tetra chloroethane

HCCI2CHCI2. Colourless toxic liquid with a chloroform-like odour, b.p. 146 C. Manufactured by passing chlorine and ethyne separately into a solution of SbClj in tetra-chloroethane. Reacts with dilute alkalis to give trichloroethene . 

Mix 100 g. of maleic acid (Section 111,143) and 100 ml. of tetra chloroethane in a 250 ml. Claisen or distilling flask provided with a thermometer, and attach a Pyrex Liebig condenser. Heat the flask in an air bath (Fig. 11, 5, 3) and collect the distillate in a measuring cylinder. When the temperature reaches 160°, 76 ml. of tetrachloroethane and 15-15-5 ml. of water are present in the receiver. Empty the water in the condenser and continue the distillation change the receiver when the temperature reaches 190°. Collect the maleic anhydride at 195-197°. Recrystallise the crude anhydride from chloroform. The yield of pure maleic anhydride, m.p. 54°, is 70 g. 

To a mixture of 7.5 parts by weight of 1,2,4-triethoxybenzene, 40 parts by volume of tetra-chloroethane and 7.5 parts by weight of succinic anhydride are added 23 parts by weight of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The mixture is stirred for 1 hour at 25°C and for another 2 hours at 60°C. After addition of 50 parts by weight of ice and 50 parts by volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid, the reaction mixture is subjected to steam distiilation. 

The presence of hydroxyl groups in the benzylidene sugars does not interfere with the reaction and by-products are usually minor. Suitable solvents other than carbon tetrachloride, include benzene and tetra-chloroethane. Epoxide, amide, and other commonly encountered functionalities in sugar derivatives are unaffected under the reaction conditions. The corresponding 6-bromo-4-benzoates are valuable intermediates... 

The reaction starts spontaneously and is mildly exothermic. Moderating the temperature by use of a water bath diminishes the amount of bromine and product carried off by the carbon dioxide evolved. The reaction can be followed by use of a tetra-chloroethane bubbler, and at the end of the reaction the solvent in the bubbler can be used to wash the mercuric bromide. The checkers followed the reaction with a wet test meter presaturated with carbon dioxide 52-60% of the theoretical amount of carbon dioxide was evolved. 

The catalytic dehydrochlorination of tetra-chloroethane has been studied by Shvets, Lebedev, and Aver yanov [Kinetics and Catalysis, 10 (28), 1969]. 

The reaction is first-order with respect to tetra-chloroethane with a rate constant... 

It has been suggested that a pilot plant operation to determine the feasibility of developing this process be carried out in a tubular flow reactor with a volume of 0.15 m3. It is suggested that the reactor operate at 450 °C and 1 atm with a feed flow rate of 41.7 moles of pure tetra-chloroethane per kilosecond. Will the catalyst be susceptible to poisoning under these operating conditions ... 

The poor fractionation from acetic acid has been attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between solvent molecules and thus a lesser polymer-solvent interaction. This means the total heat evolved due to hydrogen bonding between polymer and solvent molecules will be smaller than in the case of chloroform and tetra-chloroethane and hence AHm (22) will be larger or more positive. 

In short-term renal toxicity studies in rats gavage administration of 1,1,2,2-tetra-chloroethane caused renal toxicity as evidenced by an increased renal tubule cell labeling index, indicating replicative DNA synthesis. In 2-year studies 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane administered by gavage produced an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice but not in rats. In one epidemiological study of exposed army workers there was a slight increase in deaths due to genital cancer and leukemia. Exposure levels were not available,... 

Fig. 10. Variations of helical fraction fN with temperature for PBLA in DCA-l,l,2,2-tetra-chloroethane mixtures containing mole per cent DCA as shown (55)...

Following this commercial interest, active research was pursued, by Henne in particular. His group made many chlorofluoroethanes, from fluorinations of hexa-, penta- and tetra-chloroethane with antimony dichloride trifluoride. Later studies produced analogous ranges... 

Averdung et al. also obtained several aziridinofullerenes by the reaction of C60 with acylnitrenes, generated by photolysis of aroylazides 85a-d, leading to the fullerene adducts 86a-d (Scheme 34) [260], In a typical experiment a solution of C6o and a five-fold excess of azide 85a-d in oxygen free 1,1,2,2-tetra-chloroethane was irradiated for 60 min in Pyrex tubes using a RPR 100 Rayonet... 

Firstly, Aharoni et al. [128] described a process of ozonization of polymers or copolymers containing unsaturations in a mixture of two solvents. One of them is inert to ozone and the other one is less reactive than polymer double bonds but more reactive than the single C-C bonds of this polymer. A typical solvent mixture is composed of toluene and 1,1,2,2,-tetra-chloroethane, or xylene and decaline. This mixture permits one to control the attack of polymer only onto unsaturations and not to produce unstable sites in the polymer backbone (as peroxides or hydroperoxides coming from single bond C-C attack) which could decompose in a second step producing undesirable by-products. In this way, only unsaturations are reacted and... 

The main products of refluxing a mixture of PCI5 and NH4CI using tetra-chloroethane as solvent are the cyclic trimer (PNCl2)3 and tetramer (PNCl2)4, which are stable white crystalline compounds that can be isolated and purified by recrystallization from nonpolar solvents. 

UV/H202 oxidation of VOCs has also been studied in detail and several studies reported kinetic models to predict the efficiency of the process. For example, Liao and Gurol [75], Glaze et al. [113], De Laat et al. [155] and Crittenden et al. [74] studied the UV/H202 oxidation of VOCs such as n-chlorobutane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and tri- and tetra-chloroethanes in batch photoreactors with low-pressure mercury vapor lamps. Effects of pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, UV intensity and the presence of carbonates or fulvic substances were variables studied. 

Chlorinated ethanes could be divided into two types, those that could carry the chlorine atom chain and those that could not. 1,2-Dichloroethane 1, 1,1,2-trichloroethane 10, 1,1,1-trichloroethane 11, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 12, 1,1,1,2-tetra-chloroethane 13, and 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloroethane 14 all decomposed with enhanced rates by a chlorine atom chain mechanism. Ethyl chloride and 1,1-dichloroethane 4 did not. The reason for the latter has been explained. Ethyl chloride gave likewise the radical 15 which could not carry the chain. In 1949, in a paper with the late Professor P. F. Onyon,7 the observations made up to that time were correlated and a number of predictions were made (Table 1). In later work all the predictions were shown to be true. 

The polymer was then precipitated by pouring into methanol in a Waring Blendor, collected by filtration, and dried in vacuo at 100°-200°C. overnight. The product had r sp/c-1.05 when measured in tetra-chloroethane at 0.1 gram/dl. concentration. 

Problem 12.23 Sketch the nmr spectra of (a) 1,1-dichloroethane, (b) 1,1,2-trichloroethane, (c) 1,1,2,2-tetra-chloroethane and (d) 1 -bromo-2-chloroethane. In each case indicate the staircase curve of relative areas. M... 

SYNS CFC-112a l,l-DIFLUORO-l,2,2,2-TETRA-CHLOROETHANE HALOCARBON 112a REFRIGERANT 112a l,l,l,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DI-FLUOROETHANE... 

The reaction is carried out by heating phosphorus pentachloride with a small excess of finely divided ammonium chloride in refluxing s-tetra-chloroethane, a solvent which boils at a suitable temperature (146°) and which is comparatively inert to chlorination. The initially vigorous re-... 

Mesitaldehyde can be prepared from mesitylene by the Gattermann synthesis as modified by Adams. A mixture of the hydrocarbon, zinc cyanide, and tetra-chloroethane is stirred at room temperature while a rapid stream of hydrogen... 

NMR chemical shift (5 ppm) Acetone-rff, Benzene-tf6 Toluene-d8 1,1,2,2-Tetra- chloroethane-d2... 

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