Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay types

Read optical absorbance at 510 nm in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay type plate reader. Use the three empty wells to set the background. Calculate an average absorbance value for the nine untreated cultures on a plate. Express the absorbance of dye for the treated cultures on the same plate as a percentage of that value. Repeat for each individual plate. 

Laboratory confirmation is vital to effective treatment of HSV, especially in individuals in whom a clinical diagnosis cannot be obtained. There are several methods by which a definitive diagnosis may be acquired, and these include virologic typing, serologic diagnosis, rapid point-of-care antigen detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot, and DNA polymerase chain reaction.27... 

Additionally it has been our experience that mass spectrometry as a routine detection/identification technique for bacteria is not well received by microbiologists and clinicians who prefer less expensive, less complicated approaches to bacterial typing and identification, such as methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For that reason we have adapted our MS approach to serve as a means of biomarker discovery that feeds candidate proteins or leads into development as PCR targets or other immunoassay techniques. 

Liposome conjugates may be used in various immunoassay procedures. The lipid vesicle can provide a multivalent surface to accommodate numerous antigen-antibody interactions and thus increase the sensitivity of an assay. At the same time, it can function as a vessel to carry encapsulated detection components needed for the assay system. This type of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is called a liposome immunosorbent assay or LISA. One method of using liposomes in an immunoassay is to modify the surface so that it can interact to form biotin-avidin or biotin-streptavidin complexes. The avidin-biotin interaction can be used to increase detectability or sensitivity in immunoassay tests (Chapter 23) (Savage et al., 1992). 

Diagnosis Blood cultures require a prolonged period of incubation in the acute phase. Bone marrow cultures produce a higher yield. Confirmation requires phage-typing, oxidative metabolism, or genotyping procedure. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays... 

D. J. Bucher, A. Mikhail, S. Popple, P. Graves, G. Meiklejohn, D. S. Hodes, K. Johansson, andP. E. Halonen, Rapid detection of Type A Influenza viruses with monoclonal antibodies to the M protein (Ml) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 29, 2484-2488 (1991). 

Fluoroimmunoassays comprise a subclass of extrinsic labehng methods where various selective antigen (Ag)- antibody (Ab) immunoassay fluorescent labeling schemes yield a emission signal. One common scheme involves an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) depicted in Figure 11.2 where the free Ab is tagged with a fluorophore. Numerous analytes can be detected via these types of selective lock-and-key methods. ... 

Organ weights (spleen, thymus, all animals) Immunotoxicity tests (1) functional tests (either a splenic plaque-forming cell (PEC) assay or an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to determine the response to antigen administration) (2) enumeration of splenic or peripheral blood total B cells, total T cells, and T-cell subpopulations Detailed clinical observations Functional observations (sensory reactivity to stimuli of different types, grip strength, motor activity, more specialized tests on indication)... 

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

The products of gene expression (mRNA and proteins) can be measured by techniques such as the following. Northern blots are very similar to Southern blots except that the original sample contains a mixture of mRNA molecules that are separated by electrophoresis, then hybridized to a radioactive probe. Microarrays are used to determine the differing patterns of gene expression in two different types of cells—for example, normal and cancer cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and western blots (immunoblots) are used to detect specific proteins. 

Specific antibodies can also be used to quantify the amount of the corresponding antigen in a biological sample. Several types of immunological assays exist. An increasingly popular version is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (see Fig. 1) which can readily detect and quantify less than a nanogram of a specific antigenic protein. In ELISA, the specific antibody is coupled to a solid support. A convenient format for ELISA is to use a plastic tray that has molded... 

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption or microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum Purified protein derivative and energy panel Chest radiograph for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis Lyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay HLA-B27 typing (possibly)... 

The most common types of assays employed to quantitate protein concentrations in biological matrices are listed in Table 32.4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and immunoradiometric assays (IRMAs) require protein-specific antibodies, labeled proteins, or labeled antibodies as reagents, and are generally competitive inhibition assays. Radioimmunoassays measure concentrations by displacing ligands from cell-bound receptors. The most common assay, the... 

Auto-antibodies against metallothionein can be determined in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was shown in an occupationally Cd-exposed group in China, that persons with elevated levels of antibodies against metallothionein in plasma displayed a greater sensitivity to developing renal tubular dysfunction - odds ratio 4.2 (95% Cl 1.2-14.5) [161]. In a group of Chinese type-2 diabetics with uri-... 

Types of enzyme-linked immunoassay include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), and CEDIA. 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. LlSAis a heterogeneous EIA technique that is widely used in clinical analyses. In this type of assay, one of the reaction components is nonspecifically adsorbed or covalently bound to the surface of a solid phase, such as that of a microtiter well, a magnetic particle, or a plastic bead. This attachment facilitates separation of bound- and free-labeled reactants. In the most common approach to using the ELISA technique, an aliquot of sample or calibrator containing the antigen to be quantitated is added to and allowed to bind with a solid phase antibody. After washing, enzyme-labeled antibody is... 

Anil et al. (1999) stunned 60 animals with one of four different types of stunning devices, including a penetrative captive bolt stunner used with and without air-injection, a nonpenetrative captive bolt stunner, and a pneumatic air-injection stunning device. Blood samples were collected for 60 s following stunning, and the buffy coat of the blood was assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for presence of Syntaxin... 

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