Multiple antigen

Other types of branched peptide dendrimers, known as multiple antigen peptides (MAPs), have been synthesized to mimic proteins for applications, for instance as synthetic vaccines, serodiagnostics, peptide inhibitors and intracellular delivery vehicles. Since this concept has been recently described in detail elsewhere [11], only the conceptual framework will be briefly presented here. Tam and coworkers have developed a dendritic core based on lysine units for the construction of MAPs [12-15] (Fig. 3). Carrying antigens at their periphery these MAPs have been designed to increase antigenicity and immunogenicity of peptides. 

Denkers, E.Y., Wassom, D.L., Krco, C.J. and Hayes, C.E. (1990b) The mouse antibody response to Trichinella spiralis defines a single, immunodominant epitope shared by multiple antigens. Journal of Immunology 144, 3152-3159. 

Tam, J.P. (1988) Synthetic peptide vaccine design Synthesis and properties of a high-density multiple antigenic peptide system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5409-5413. 

Roth J. The preparation of 3 nm and 15 nm gold particles and their use in labeling multiple antigens on ultrathin sections. Histochem J 1982 14 791-801. 

Albert H. Coons (Fig. 1.2) was the first who attached a fluorescent dye (fluorescein isocyanate) to an antibody and used this antibody to localize its respective antigen in a tissue section. The concept of putting a visible label on an antibody molecule appeared both bold and original. His initial results were described in two brief papers in the early 1940s (Coons et al. 1941,1942), but the research was halted while he joined the army and spent the next 4 years in the South Pacific. His later studies (Coons and Kaplan 1950) contributed immensely to the use of the fluorescent antibody method in a wide variety of experimental settings. In our time, the use of antibodies to detect and localize individual or multiple antigens in situ has developed into a powerful research tool in almost every field of biomedical research (http //books.nap.edu/html/biomems/acoons.pdf). 

Scheme 13.5 Schematic representation of the multiple-antigen glycopeptide 11.

The wide range of chromogenic-substrate systems available allows one to obtain excellent color contrast for double/multiple antigen detection. Chromo-genie reactions resulting in black (IGSS), yellow-brown (IPO/DAB), red-brown (IPO/AEC), blue (lAP/Fast Blue, or 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/ nitroblue tetrazolium [BCIP-NBT]), and purple (lAP/Fast Red or New Fuchsin) can be used in different combinations (see Chapter 23). For development of these products, the following protocols are provided (see Note 16). 

Scheme 18 Synthesis of a 72-Residue, 8-Chain Multiple Antigen Peptidel"1...

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

Krajewski, S. Zapata, J. M. Reed, J. C. Detection of multiple antigens on western... 

Applications of the TASP approach are then considered for such aspects as four-helical bundles (Section 13.1.2.4.2)J4 The details of structures and synthetic routes for the preparation of the bundles are described. Other chain assemblies and applications are discussed (Section 13.1.2.5) including metal-ion assisted self assemblies, disulfide linkages in the formation of four-helical bundles (Section 13.1.2.5.2), multiple antigenic peptide systems (Section 13.1.2.5.4), and templates constructed from a trialdehyde template by reductive amination to form a three-helical bundle (Section 13.1.2.5.5))5 ... 

High-Density Multiple Antigenic Peptide Systems... 

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