Enzymes formulation

PF purification factor (ratio of outlet to inlet specific activity) 

Y yield of recovery (ratio of outlet to inlet enzyme activity) Yx yield of recovery at the top phase 

Abbott NL, Blankschtein D, Hatton TA (1990) On protein partitioning in two-phase aqueous polymer systems. Bioseparation l(3 ) 191-225 

Acevedo F, Cooney CL (1973) Penicillin amidase production by Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol Bioeng 15(3) 493-503 

Acevedo F, Gentina JC (1996) Development of a pilot-plant fermentation process for the production of yeast lactase. Ann NY Acad Sci 799 559-562 Acevedo F, Gentina JC, lllanes A (eds) (2004) Fundamentos de ingenieria bioqufmica, 2 edici6n. 

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Microbial resistance problem, 78 265-266 Microbial stability, of liquid enzyme formulations, 70 269-270 Microbial transformations, 76 395-419. 

Quality improvement, 27 171-178 history of, 27 171 impact of, 27 179 Quality, in maintenance, 75 479 Quality management, 27 173-178 Quality manual, 27 165 Quality-of-life indicators, 24 176 Quality, of solid enzyme formulations, 70 273... 

Novozymes supplies the proteases for liquid detergents to the detergent manufacturer as a stable liquid enzyme formulation from which typically less than 2%(w/w) is added to the liquid detergent composition. The limited solubility of boric acid thus prevents Novozymes from supplying the detergent manufacturer with a liquid enzyme formulation with a built-in boric acid stabilization system. 

It must be delivered with/in the enzyme formulation (without decreasing enzyme activity of our products)... 

It should not jeopardize the quality of the enzyme formulation itself (physical, microbial and enzymatic stability etc.)... 

It should be at least in the order of 50 times more efficient than boric acid to be possible to incorporate in our enzyme formulation (dependent on the solubility of the inhibitor)... 

Further the inhibitor according to the goals should be toxicological safe, be cost-effective compared to boric acid and be compatible with Novozymes enzyme formulations. 

It is also important to note that molecular biology, while it is a very powerful tool, is probably most effective in industrial process development when used in conjunction with other techniques such as enzyme formulation, immobilization and appropriate process design engineering. ... 

Could this salt activation phenomenon be a result of relaxed diffusional limitations in a concentrated salt/enzyme formulation as compared to the salt-free preparation To answer this question, Bedell et al. [99] measured the initial rates of subtilisin Carlsberg-catalyzed transesterification of APEE with n-PrOH in hexane (Scheme 3.4) with two different enzyme preparations (Figure 3.8) (a) 98% (w/w)... 

Furthermore, the type of enzyme formulation (free enzyme, immobilized enzyme, or whole cells) plays a key role in determining the progress of the overall reaction. For most applications, lyophilized enzyme powders have been used with good results presumably they dissolve into the liquid phase. When poorly soluble products are formed, the enzyme can be recovered by washing with water [52]. For co-factor-dependent reactions permeabilized cells may be used [44]. When using immobilized enzymes, it has been demonstrated that the chemical nature and the pore size of the support are very important parameters to consider [8, 41]. 

Activation by a factor of 105 closes most of the gaps between specific activity levels in water and organic solvents. The state of affairs regarding the preparation of highly active enzyme formulations for use in non-aqueous media is summarized by Lee and Dordick (Lee, 2002). Improved mechanistic understanding of enzyme function and activation in dehydrated environments will lead to the development of a broad array of techniques for generating more active, stable, and enantioselective and regioselective tailored enzymes for synthetically relevant transformations. This, in turn, should result in an increase in the opportunities for enzymatic processes to be developed on a commercial scale. 

As previously discussed, food effects are an important parameter for enteric-coated systems, especially for drugs, that are sensitive to food. Pancreatic enzyme-containing products fail when they come in contact too early with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates present in food. The clinical efficacy of pancreatic enzymes formulated as enteric-coated tablets was investigated in man and dog [44], The enteric materials examined were hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthal-ate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), and the methacrylic acid copolymer USP/NF Type C. In vivo behavior monitored by x-ray scintigraphy showed clear differences between the three coating formulations. HPMCP-coated products adhered to the gastric mucosa, whereas CAP and methacrylate copolymer... 

Enzyme formulations P-xylanase P-xylosidase Acetyl esterase a-arabino- furanosidase FPase Glucose Xylose Arabinose Acetic Acid... 

Importance of Enzyme Formulation for the Activity and Enantioselectivity of Lipases in Organic Solvents... 

Because of the long-term instability of proteins in aqueous solution, enzyme producers and formulators have attempted to produce stable solid enzyme formulations since enzymes were first used in detergents. Initially, commercially produced protease-containing detergents contained spray dried enzymes. As discussed earlier, proteases have the ability to digest themselves via autolysis and are often incompatible with surfactants. These problems are easily overcome by storing the... 

Kravetz, L. Guin, K.F. Effect of surfactant structure on stability of enzymes formulated into laundry liquids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 1985, 62 (5), 943-949. 

Enzyme formulation is carried out at the fermentation plant, at a separate formulation facility, at the end-users site, or a combination of these. The enzyme is formulated as a liquid or a solid. 

As previously discussed, food effects are an important parameter for enteric-coated systems, especially for drugs, that are sensitive to food. Pancreatic enzyme-containing products fail when they come in contact too early with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates present in food. The clinical efficacy of pancreatic enzymes formulated as enteric-coated tablets was investigated in man and dog... 

In the course of our development work it turned out that Optimase M 440 was no longer available [39]. Since it was known from another project that the liquid enzyme formulations exhibit a less pronounced emulsifying behavior (cf. [37]), the different commercial bulk preparations, now Alcalases and Solvay Proteases, were re-evaluated. All yielded very good results with respect to chemical purity and enantiomeric excess (>99% each). However, Solvay Protease L 660 (the successor of Optimase L 660) was clearly the most active enzyme, thus requiring the smallest amount of enzyme for the reaction. The clearly higher price of this enzyme [40] should be of no consequence because of the expected simpler work-up and, hence, lower manpower costs. 

Owing to experience previously gained concerning work-up with the solid enzyme formulations [22] only the liquid enzyme preparations of Novo and Solvay, Alkalase 2.5 L and Protease L 660, respectively, were used in the following studies. Both preparations exhibited nearly the same specific activity in the present reaction. An enzyme concentration of <5% (v/w) with respect to 9 (s/e> 20 [24]) was used in the subsequent experiments of this section. 

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