Environmental landfill

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

A primary source of environmental pollution from printing ink comes from the metal-based pigments used, as well as various resins, waxes, and drying agents that are also part of the inks. These materials are added to inks regardless of the source of the oil. As a result, petroleum inks are just as suitable for landfill disposal under U.S. EPA regulations as are vegetable oil inks. 

SoHd by-products include sludge from wastewater treatment, spent catalyst, and coke from the EDC pyrolysis process. These need to be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, eg, by sludge digestion, incineration, landfill, etc. 

In landfills, vinyl wastes, like all plastics, are extremely resistant to decomposition. In fact, high technology landfills are often lined with thick-gauge vinyl and use PVC pipe to handle Hquid leachate and methane gas for environmental protection. 

Because of increasing environmental concerns, the disposal of all batteries is being reviewed (70—76). Traditionally silver batteries were reclaimed for the silver metal and all other alkaline batteries were disposed of in landfills or incinerators. Some aircraft and industrial nickel —cadmium batteries are rebuilt to utilize the valuable components. 

Because powdered activated carbon is generally used in relatively small quantities, the spent carbon has often been disposed of in landfills. However, landfill disposal is becoming more restrictive environmentally and more costiy. Thus large consumers of powdered carbon find that regeneration is an attractive alternative. Examples of regeneration systems for powdered activated carbon include the Zimpro/Passavant wet air oxidation process (46), the multihearth furnace as used in the DuPont PACT process (47,48), and the Shirco infrared furnace (49,50). 

Sanitary LandHlls Dewatered sludge, either raw or digested, is often buried in a sanitary landfill to minimize the environmental impact. Increased concern over sanitaiy landfills has made it more difficult simply to buiy dewatered sludge. Sanitaiy landfills must be... 

Many but not all hazardous wastes can be disposed of on land in properly designed landfills. To minimize potentially adverse environmental effects from wastes deposited at hazardous-waste landfill sites, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed specific regulations regarding the characteristics of wastes suitable for landfilling. These regulations (40 CFR 265) include a prohibition on the placement of ... 

Duffms, J.J. (ed.) (1997) Carcinogenicity of Inorganic Substances, Royal Society of Chemistry, London. Environmental Protection Agency (1995) Landfill Manuals Landfill Monitoring. 

University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University. In-Situ Methods for the Control of Emissions from Surface Impoundments and Landfills. Draft Final Report. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. CR810856. June 1985. pp. 95. 

The most important factor of a landfill is to build it properly so that the environment is not disturbed in any fashion. There are several components to the design of a environmentally friendly landfill. These components are that the landfill should be placed on a compacted low permeable medium, preferably a clay layer. This layer is then covered by a impermeable membrane which is then covered by a granular substance to act as a secondary drainage system. Layers upon layers are built up, while each layer is separated by a granular membrane. This is done over and over again until the entire... 

It also specifies data requirements, assumptions, limitations, eventual type of critical review, and the report requirements. For example, a study could be done to select between one of two materials when developing a dust transport container for a baghouse filter. The intended audience may be the designers, the results being used to indicate which one of the two materials provides the lowest environmental impact. The system function may be to transport dust from the baghouse filter to a landfill site, and the functional unit may be one metric ton or m of dust. The system boundaries may be described by considering which processes are included and which are outside the system limits. 

Exempt wastes are usually disposed of on location following permission from the state oil and gas division. Liquid wastes, if not evaporated or fixated on location, are usually injected into Class II injection wells—refer to Chapter 6, Environmental Considerations. Solid wastes, if not acceptable to local landfills, are remediated onsite or buried in some instances. Table 4-175 shows exempt and nonexempt waste [234]. 

Concentrations found in leachate do not necessarily represent the concentrations that would be foimd in the wider environment. Landfill leachate may be treated using on-site water treatment facilities, it may be disposed of directly to the municipal sewer, or, in some cases — for older facilities — it may leach directly out of the landfill into the environment. Even in the latter case, there will be a significant dilution of the landfill leachate upon entering the environment. Resulting environmental concentrations are, therefore, likely to be significantly lower than those reported above. 

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