Environmental issues petroleum production

Prespotter formulations may contain enzymes, surfactants, petroleum distillates, and other chemicals. With flammability and low volatility as an environmental issue, these products needed to be reformulated. 

The DOE still retains oversight of two Naval Petroleum Reserve properties and one technology testing center Teapot Dome Naval Petroleum Reserve 3 in Wyoming and a small stripper well oil field with 540 wells. The Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center identifies and resolves technical and environmental issues associated with the production, distribution and use of the nation s energy resources. It was established in 1994 and is the only oil field testing center in the United States. 

As already noted, the chemical composition of petroleum and petroleum products is complex and may change over time following release into the environment. These factors make it essential that the most appropriate analytical methods are selected from a comprehensive hst of methods and techniques that are used for the analysis of environmental samples (Dean, 1998 Miller, 2000 Budde, 2001 Sunahara et al., 2002 Nelson, 2003 Smith and Cresset, 2003). But once a method is selected, it may not be the ultimate answer to solving the problem of identification and, hence, behavior (Patnaik, 2004). There are a significant number of petroleum hydrocarbon-affected sites, and evaluation and remediation of these sites may be difficult because of the complexity of the issues (analytical, scientific, and regulatory not to mention economic) regarding water and soil affected. 

Coke does not offer the same potential environmental issues as other petroleum products (Chapter 10 and above). It is used predominantly as a refinery fuel unless other uses for the production of a high-grade coke or carbon are desired. In the former case, the constituents of the coke that will release environmentally harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter should be known. In addition, stockpiling coke on a site where it awaits use or transportation can lead to leachates as a result of rainfall (or acid rainfall) which are highly detrimental. In such a case, application of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure... 

The impact of environmental issues is apparent within the majority of Encyclopedia articles having counterparts in previous editions. For example, the effect of environmental concerns on manufacturing and other processes is evident in articles such as Alkali and chlorine products, Electroplating, Mineral recovery and processing, and Petroleum. Concern about the environment has also played a role in the types and quantities of materials produced... 

Hydrocarbon fuels and products can benefit our society if they are managed well. They can cause great environmental damage, however, if they are managed irresponsibly. With enough knowledge, you can learn to make informed decisions on these important issues. Here are some suggestions of ways you can reduce your consumption of petroleum products. Why not choose one or more methods to practice Or, brainstorm with your classmates to think of other ways to reduce consumption. 

The Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (CPPI) is an association of Canadian companies involved in the refining, distribution and marketing of petroleum products. The Institute represents the views of its members on business, environmental, health and safety issues. 

This profile covers total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), which is defined as the measurable amount of petroleum-based hydrocarbon in an environmental medium (Chapter 2). TPH is measured as the total quantity of hydrocarbons without identification of individual constituents. Sources of TPH contamination in the environment range from crude oil, to fuels such as gasoline and kerosene, to solvents, to mineral-based crankcase oil and mineral-based hydraulic fluids. These products contain not only a large number and variety of petroleum hydrocarbons, but also other chemicals that, strictly speaking, are not the subject of this profile, such as non-hydrocarbon additives and contaminants. The TPH issue is further complicated by the number of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons that have been identified—more than 250—and the variability in composition of crude oils and petroleum products (see Section 3.2 and Appendices D and E for details). 

The U.S. currently imports about sixty (60) percent of its oil requirements (7), which is expected to increase to about 70 percent by the year 2025 (7). This reliance on foreign sources of oil has created both national and economic security issues for the U.S. It is desirable to produce liquid transportation fuels from alternative sources. The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process can be used to produce liquid fuels from synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Liquid fuels produced from die F-T process have very low levels of sulfur compared to petroleum products these ultra-clean fuels are environmentally friendly. However, syngas is commonly produced from natural gas, which has become significantly more expensive in recent years (2). Alternative, less expensive feedstocks for syngas production can reduce the costs of liquid fuels produced through the F-T process. 

The development of ne v catalysts during the last two decades has introduced more environmentally accepted processes into the production of commodities. The industrial solid catalysts that once played a major role in bulk chemicals manufacture are nowadays distributed among the industrial sectors so that about 25% of produced catalysts are used in the chemical industry, 40% in the petroleum industry, 30% in environmental protection, and 5% in the production of pharmaceuticals. Environmental catalysis accounts for (i) waste minimization by providing alternative catalytic synthesis of important compounds without the formation of environmentally unacceptable by-products, and (ii) emission reduction by decomposing environmentally unacceptable compounds by using catalysts. Waste minimization is linked with the reaction(s) selectivity and therefore a proper choice of catalyst plays a decisive role. Emission reduction usually refers to end-of-the-pipe treatment processes where the selectivity of catalyst, if used, is not an important issue. Because it is almost impossible to transform the raw materials into the desired products without any by-product(s), one must take account of the necessity of providing a production process with an end-of-the-pipe treatment unit. Only then can... 

Table 1.4 summarizes recent works in fossil fuel production and the related environmental issues. In a series of interesting reports Karlsen and Larter (1989, 1991) outlined a rapid method for analysing and mapping petroleum types within individual petroleum reservoirs. As in the analyses of biogenic lipids, most procedures used Chromarods Sill and two or three development systems with solvents of increasing polarity. Hexane is normally used for the separation of aliphatics, followed by toluene for separation of the aromatics, and finally dichloromethane-methanol for the more polar constituents. Similar procedures were employed for the analysis of petroleum-contaminated and creosote-contaminated soils. Recent experiments showed that TLC-FID allows the complete quantitation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated sites, with no interference with... 

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