Plant environmental interaction

Ainsworth, E.A., and Rogers, A. 2007. The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [C02] Mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant Cell Environ. 30 258-270. 

Air Pollutant Effects Influenced by Plant—Environmental Interaction... 

Tai, G. C. C., Coleman, W. K. (1999). Genotype x environmental interaction of potato chip color. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 79,433 38. 

A systematic procedure can select optimal solvent blends for nonreactive, multi-component absorption processes accounting for plant-wide point source environmental interactions. This approach, based on the optimal design technique for pure solvents, involves the identification of all agent-based operations (such as gas absorption and... 

Another kind of environmental interaction may result when in a homeostatic adjustment to the pollutant, the plant sacrifices part of its capacity to respond to environmental fluctuations. For example, the metabolic adjustment to fluorides may increase the susceptibility to nutrient stress. This hypothesis could explain why some symptoms of chronic fluoride toxicity resemble those produced by Mn, Fe, or Zn deficiencies. If air pollution is one environmental factor that alters the susceptibility of the plant to other environmental stress, it would also be logical to expect an interaction between pollutants if the receptor is exposed to two or more of them. Such interactive effects have been found. Sub-threshold concentrations of SOL> and 03 or S02 and N02 produce foliar lesions when plants are exposed to both pollutants (34). Additionally, plants exposed to S02 differ from non-fumigated plants in their resistance to subsequent fumigations (35). Thus the plants susceptibility or capacity to adapt to a pollutant is altered by concurrent exposures to another or consecutive exposures to the same one. 

This volume treats pheromones (Chapters 4.01—4.06), defensive substances and toxins (Chapters 4.08—T. 10), antifeedants (Chapters 4.11-4.12), compounds employed in plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions (Chapter 4.13), plant-insect interactions (Chapter 4.14) and microbe-microbe interactions (Chapter 4.07). Hormones of plants (Chapter 4.02) and insects (Chapter 4.03) are also treated in this volume. A unique attempt in the present volume is to regard flavor and fragrance (Chapter 4.15) and taste (Chapter 4.16) as phenomena of human-environmental interactions or human chemical ecology. 

An important question is whether chemical transformations in the environment will increase or decrease the uptake of these elements by plants and other organisms that are consumed by man. Longterm projections on changes in availability to biological systems are uncertain. There is no historical geochemical data base to substantiate hypotheses of either increased or decreased uptake and consequent hazards from man-made actinide elements resulting from long-term environmental interactions. 

Inherent characteristics of the wood will influence its environmental interaction (e.g., the wood species the presence of heartwood or sapwood the plant part such as root, branch, or wood and anomalies in growth) (18). 

Environmental interactions with BU are not jnst one-way. BU are adept at modifying their environments to suit their purposes, and one shonld never assume that the environment will be the same after BU have been introduced. We probably all know the weathering effect that certain plants have on rocks and soils. These plants extract required minerals from the rcKks by secreting acids that dissolve the rocks. Over time, the rocks will diminish and disappear. 

Research into the effects of air pollutants on plant growth and metabolism has moved towards the study of plant responses to low levels of pollutants ("chronic injury") and the interactions with environmental conditions. Plant growth and crop yield are known to be affected after exposure for long periods to low pollutant levels (1). For example, exposure to SO2 and NOx resulted in increased leafiness and reductions in root growth (2,3,4), while in barley overwinter reductions in crop growth have been reported (5,6). These effects on plant growth have been related to photosynthesis and the distribution of photoassimilate, the processes that sustain dry matter production in plants (7). 

Nero, A. V. 1979. A Guidebook to Nuclear Reactors. Berkeley, CA University of California Press. The first part of this text provides a general introduction to nnclear power plants, including basic reactor design features, environmental interactions, and nnclear power plant emissions. Part 2 discusses commercial nuclear power plants. Uranium resources and other nuclear materials are discussed in Part 3. Part 4 looks into advanced reactor systems. Appendices include abbreviations and nnits, reactions, and the nnclear fuel cycle. A glossary and an index are included. 

Organisms evolving under aimual temperature cycles and in environments with varying temperatures spatially have incorporated thermal cues in reproductive behavior, habitat selection, and certain other features which act at the population level. Thus, the balance of births and mortaUties, which determines whether a species survives, is akin to the metaboHc balance at the physiological level in being dependent upon the match, within certain limits, to prescribed temperatures at different times of year. At the ecosystem level, relationships among species, eg, predators, competitors, prey animals, and plant foods, are related to environmental temperatures in complex ways. Many of these interactions are poorly understood. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

The techniques of molecular biology have particular potential for rapidly introducing small numbers of single genes. Unfortunately there is strong evidence that the complex compensation mechanisms that exist in plants, and the interactions between different whole-plant and biochemical responses to stress, will make the direct improvement of environmental stress tolerance in crop plants by genetic engineering rather more difficult... 

Tjeerd van Rij E, M Wesselink, TEC Chin-A-Woeng, GV Bloemberg, BJJ Lugtenberg (2004) Influence of environmental conditions on the production of phenazine-l-carboxamide by Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL 1391. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 17 557-566. 

It has been found that many environmental factors influence the amount and composition of root exudates and hence the activity of rhizosphere microbial populations. Microbial composition and species richness at the soil-plant interface are related either directly or indirectly to root exudates and thus vary according to the same environmental factors that influence exudation. In es.sence, the rhizosphere can be regarded as the interaction between soil, plants and microorganisms. Figure 2 shows some of the factors associated with these interactions, which will be discussed during the course of the chapter. Here we mention briefly the influence of some plant and microbial factors on root exudation and rhizosphere microbial populations, while soil factors are discussed later. 

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