Environmental fluctuation

As we discussed in the Introduction, we assume that the noise is weak and short-correlated, i.e., that considerable dissipative contributions to the spin dynamics arise on time scales much longer than the typical correlation time rc of the noise. Below we discuss the influence of the low- and high-frequency fluctuations on the (classical) spin dynamics and recover the results of the quantum analysis above. Further, using the result for the low-frequency contribution we obtain the correction to the Berry phase from the environmental fluctuations at all frequencies. 

As Raoul knows, this of course is not the case for the vast majority of farmers on the Earth, where tolerance to environmental fluctuations such as cold, salt, or submergence can mean the difference between eating or not. Traits such as these are the most difficult to address using standard breeding approaches. In the future, this is where genetic engineering will likely have the most significant human impact. There are already examples of GE plants that can tolerate very cold temperatures (Thomashow 2001). 

Another kind of environmental interaction may result when in a homeostatic adjustment to the pollutant, the plant sacrifices part of its capacity to respond to environmental fluctuations. For example, the metabolic adjustment to fluorides may increase the susceptibility to nutrient stress. This hypothesis could explain why some symptoms of chronic fluoride toxicity resemble those produced by Mn, Fe, or Zn deficiencies. If air pollution is one environmental factor that alters the susceptibility of the plant to other environmental stress, it would also be logical to expect an interaction between pollutants if the receptor is exposed to two or more of them. Such interactive effects have been found. Sub-threshold concentrations of SOL> and 03 or S02 and N02 produce foliar lesions when plants are exposed to both pollutants (34). Additionally, plants exposed to S02 differ from non-fumigated plants in their resistance to subsequent fumigations (35). Thus the plants susceptibility or capacity to adapt to a pollutant is altered by concurrent exposures to another or consecutive exposures to the same one. 

Random intraday (within day) environmental fluctuations in a contaminant s concentration,... 

Thus, the assumption of the decoherence theory that there are no isolated systems, and that we have always to consider the influence of environmental fluctuations, would kill anomalous diffusion. Furthermore, the numerical results of Ref. 31 show that the quantum-induced transition from anomalous to ordinary diffusion is a quantum effect more robust than the localization phenomenon itself. This indicates that in the presence of a weak environmental fluctuation is now insufficient to reestablish the correspondence principle. 

We have seen that decoherence theory, according to its advocates [128], makes the wave-function collapse assumption obsolete The environmental fluctuations are enough to destroy quantum mechanical coherence and generate statistical properties indistinguishable from those produced by genuine wave-function collapses. All this is unquestionable, and if a disagreement exists, it rests more on philosophy than on physical facts. Thus, there is apparently no need for a new theory. However, we have seen that all this implies the assumption that the environment produces white noise and that the system of interest, in the classical limit, produces ordinary diffusion. As we move from... 

The remarks above can be extended from physical to nonphysical systems, that is, cooperative systems concerning biology, economics, and so on. For example, the genetic model studied in the next chapter of this volume aims at determining the effects of environmental fluctuations on gene frequency. However, a more realistic model should take into account that the direct influence of environment is exerted on the phenotypic characteristics rather than the genotypic ones. This means that a well-defined lag time characterizes the influence of environment on the genotype frequency. 

Kuznetsov, A.M., Sommer Larsen, P., and Ulstrup, J. (1992) Resonance and environmental fluctuation effects in STM currents through large adsorbed molecules. Surface Science, 275, 52-64. 

For Bayesian inference to aid prediction, the posterior observable must depend non-trivially on the prior variable being estimated. Fine-tuning presumes a natural measure of sensitive dependence, such as a small half-width of nuclear resonance in relation to its center frequency. We will find, however, that the weak anthropic use of life s current forms to study its origins requires us to abstract away from the most facile category distinctions of life from non-life. Simple categorizations based on specific amino or nucleic acids, which may depend sensitively on history as well as chemistry, can include adaptations that are not restrictive on either the environment or the essential nature of life and ignore its robustness under environmental fluctuations. 

The resonance and environmental fluctuation effects in STM currents through adsorbed molecules have been analyzed. AFM has also been used to modify stmcturaUy lipid bilayers in a controlled procedure. The images showed that after the lipid tubule was scratched, the molecules rearrange after some time (24 h). 

Renaud, S. Schmidt, D. N. 2003. Habitat tracking as a response of the planktic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides to environmental fluctuations during the last 140 kyr. Marine Micropaleontology, 49, 97-122. 

Of course, consideration of case design is essential in the effort to achieve proper climate control. If the cases are tightly sealed, then temperature and RH shifts that occur outside the case are buffered within the case. If cases are not sealed, air movement into and out of the case is facilitated, and so environmental fluctuations are more pronounced. In this situation, the proper installation of lights is important. Internal case lighting will cause large RH shifts. 

In the present work, we have used classical photon counting statistics in the weak laser field limit. In the case of strong laser intensity, quantum mechanical effects on the photon counting statistics are expected to be important. From theories developed to describe two-level atoms interacting with a photon field in the absence of environmental fluctuations, it is known that, for strong field cases, deviations from classical Poissonian statistics can become significant [68,99]. One of the well-known quantum mechanical... 

Disease patterns are often periodic, based upon a periodic environmental fluctuation. 

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