Human environmental

Colborn, T, Saal, F.S.V., and Soto, A.M. (1993). Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101, 378-384. 

Harless RL, Lewis RG, Dupuy AE, McDaniel DD (1983) Analysis for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin residues in environmental samples. In Tucker RE, Young AL, Gray AP (eds) Human environmental risks on chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Plenum, New York p 161... 

Weis, B.K., D. Balshawl, J.R. Barr, D. Brown, M. Ellisman, P. Lioy, G. Omenn, J.D. Potter, M.T. Smith, L. Sohn, W.A. Suk, S. Sumner, J. Swenberg, D.R. Walt, S. Watkins, C. Thompson, and S.H. Wilson. 2005. Personalized exposure assessment Promising approaches for human environmental health research. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(7) 840-848. 

Even when an individual s atrazine and simazine intakes from drinking water ingestion (water) and food consumption (diet) were combined, 95% of the MOEs exceeded 30000. The minimum acceptable MOE for human environmental exposure is usually in the range between 10 and 1000 so the atrazine and simazine MOEs provide an ample safety margin. For atrazine and simazine combined, 95% of the MOEs are in excess of 38000 for water alone and in excess of 280000 for diet alone. 

In this chapter, we outline the issues and principles that are relevant to toxicity assessments of combined exposures. The scope of this overview is limited to combinations of chemicals, but excludes the topic of nonchemical stressors acting in concert with chemicals. Because the issues are of a generic nature, we draw on examples from human, environmental, and ecological toxicology. Section 3.2 briefly outlines approaches to mixture effects assessment (Chapter 4 elaborates these approaches in more detail), Section 3.3 discusses mixture effects in relation to modes and mechanisms of action, and Section 3.4 addresses the problems and possibilities of predicting mixture effects. In Sections 3.5 and 3.6, emphasis is on the predictability of synergism and on effects at low concentration or dose levels of chemicals in mixtures. Section 3.7 provides an overview of scarcely available data on mixture effects in real-world exposure scenarios. This chapter ends with an outlook to the future. 

Weis BK, Balshawl D, Barr IR, Brown D, Ellisman M, Liov P, Omenn G, Potter ID, Smith MT, Sohn L, Suk WA, Sumner S, Swenberg I, Walt DR, Watkins S, Thompson C, Wilson SH. 2005. Personalized exposure assessment promising approaches for human environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect 113 840-848. 

This volume treats pheromones (Chapters 4.01—4.06), defensive substances and toxins (Chapters 4.08—T. 10), antifeedants (Chapters 4.11-4.12), compounds employed in plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions (Chapter 4.13), plant-insect interactions (Chapter 4.14) and microbe-microbe interactions (Chapter 4.07). Hormones of plants (Chapter 4.02) and insects (Chapter 4.03) are also treated in this volume. A unique attempt in the present volume is to regard flavor and fragrance (Chapter 4.15) and taste (Chapter 4.16) as phenomena of human-environmental interactions or human chemical ecology. 

Buckley TJ, Lindstrom AB, Highsmith VR, et al. 1992. The time-course and sensitivity of muconic acid as a biomarker for human environmental exposure to benzene. In Proceedings of the 1992 US Environmental Protection Agency / Air and Waste Management Association symposium on measurement of toxic and related air pollutants. 981-986. 

Laboratory for Human Environmental Physiology, Biomedical Research Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035... 

Virtually all human environmental exposures to toxic chemicals are to mixtures. This is particularly the case for exposures to pesticides, heavy... 

In the scientific approach the assessment of the representativeness, repeatability and reproducibility of the method is performed with reference to the different constitutive elements and features. Evidence should describe the representativeness of the selected properties and the associated uncertainty. This can be based on information published in the scientific and technical hterature or on ad hoc investigations performed by the laboratory developing the method. The laboratory shall demonstrate that relevant influencing factors (instrumental and technical, human, environmental) have been analyzed and that they are under control within the uncertainty associated with themethod. 

Underwood, A.J. (1991) Beyond BACI experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 42, 569-587. 

Butler JP, Post GB, Lioy PJ, et al. 1993. Assessment of carcinogenic risk from personal exposure to benzo(a)pyrene in the total human environmental exposure study (THEES). J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43 970-977. 

Lioy PL, Waldman JM, Greenberg A, et al. 1988. The total human environmental exposure study... 

A hazard identification table (Table 3-6) is provided to quickly scan the wildlife database for taxa or categories of toxicological end points that are of particular interest. Since Table 3-6 is intended for hazard identification, data concerning effects from parenteral exposures were included, as well as oral, inhalation, and dermal routes that are more directly relevant to human environmental exposures. 

HERA = Human Environmental Risk Assessment on Ingredients of Household Cleaning Products http //www.htaaproject.com... 

Since Herring Gulls and coho salmon accumulate these residues from their common food supply, it seemed logical to consider the human exposure routes thoroughly, particularly the food supply. An early study by Bennet 2 ) followed total non-occupational environmental exposure of PCB to humans. This study showed that for PCB the atmospheric pathway contaminates plants directly, livestock indirectly, and ultimately contributes the major human environmental dosage of PCB. Exposure from drinking water and the atmosphere directly are inconsequential relative to food exposure. A more recent modelling effort (1J7) for... 

Human risk is often considered both in terms of individual risk (which is independent of population density) and societal risk (which depends on the size of the population at risk and therefore considers the population contained in a geographical area). Both individual and societal risk are important when examining the potential for accidental exposures, individual risk is the usual form considered when dealing with anticipatable human exposure. Most non-human environmental risks are considered mainly in terms of effects on populations and communities, ie, in terms similar to human societal risk ... 

In addition to product identification, the second major category of information that must he included in pesticide labels encompasses a series of warnings and precautionary statements covering the human, environmental, and physical and chemical hazeu-ds posed by the product (162.10(h)). The intent of these statements is to alert the pesticide user to potential hazards from exposure, to inform him of precautionary measures which will help avoid or reduce the possibility of injury, and to instruct him on practical treatment or other remedial steps he can take if exposed. 

---