Metabolism alcohols

Chen CC, Lu RB, Chen YC, et al Interaction between the functional polymorphisms of the alcohol-metabolism genes in protection against alcoholism. Am J Hum Genet 65 795-807, 1999... 

Collins J, G Hegeman (1984) Benzyl alcohol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida a paradox resolved. Arch Microbiol 138 153-160. 

Savidge, R. A. Forster, H. Coniferyl alcohol metabolism in conifers—II. Coniferyl alcohol and dihydroconiferyl alcohol biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 2001, 57, 1095-1103. 

Let us move a bit further into fantasy. I suppose that the evolutionary function of alcohol metabolism is probably that it prevents one from being poisoned by very overripe fruit. However, suppose, for the sake of... 

Both ADH and ALDH use NAD+ as cofactor in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined not only by the amount of ADH and ALDH2 enzyme in tissue and by their functional characteristics, but also by the concentrations of the cofactors NAD+ and NADH and of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the cellular compartments (i.e., cytosol and mitochondria). Environmental influences on elimination rate can occur through changes in the redox ratio of NAD+/NADH and through changes in hepatic blood flow. The equilib-... 

Bosron WF, Ehrig T, Li T-K. Genetic factors in alcohol metabolism and alcoholism. Semin Liver Dis 1993 13 126-135. 

Chen Y-C, Lu R-B, Peng G-S et al. Alcohol metabolism and cardiovascular response in an alcoholic patient homozygous for the ALDH2 2 variant gene allele. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999 23 1853— 60. 

Yamauchi M, Maezawa Y, Mizuhara Y et al. Polymorphisms in alcohol metabolizing enzyme genes and alcoholic cirrhosis in Japanese patients. Hepatology 1995 22 1136-1142. 

Alcohol metabolism (Figure 6.37) occurs mainly through oxidative pathways involving the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH),... 

Alcohol metabolism increases the NADH/NAD ratio in the cytoplasm. 

Felder MR, Thurman RG Role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM). Studies with deer mice deficient in alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Oct l 34(19) 3523-6. 

It is generally recognized that workers exposed to either NG or EGDN have reduced tolerance for alcohol. Animal studies suggest that NG may decrease the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, thereby decreasing the rate of alcohol metabolism. ... 

Figure 4. Hypothetical scheme for veratryl alcohol metabolism by ligni-nolytic cultures of P. chrysosporium ...

T Pancreatic insulin release Metformin Peripheral insulin sensitivity hepatic glucose output/production i intestinal glucose absorption Dose Ist-line (naive pts), 1.25/250 mg PO daily-bid 2nd-line, 2.5/500 mg or 5/500 mg bid (max 20/2000 mg) take w/ meals, slowly T dose hold before 48 h after ionic contrast media Caution [C, -] Contra SCr >1.4 mg/dL in females or >1.5 mg/dL in males hypoxemic conditions (sepsis, recent MI) alcoholism metabolic acidosis liver Dz Disp Tabs SE HA, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, anorexia, N/V, rash Additional Interactions T Effects W/ amiloride, ciprofloxacin cimetidine, digoxin, miconazole, morphine, nifedipine, procainamide, quinidine, quinine, ranitidine, triamterene,... 

Yoshida A (1993) Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes related to alcohol sensitivity and alcoholic diseases. In Lin KM, Poland RE, Nakasaki G (eds) Psychopharmacology and psychobiology of ethnicity. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 169-186... 

Trichloroethylene Degreasing, dry cleaning Sensitizes the myocardium to epinephrine, interferes with alcohol metabolism... 

Rizzo, W.B., Inherited disorders of fatty alcohol metabolism. Mol Genet Metab,... 

Two major pathways of alcohol metabolism to acetaldehyde have been identified (Figure 23-1). Acetaldehyde is then oxidized to acetate by a third metabolic process. 

The primary pathway for alcohol metabolism involves alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde (Figure 23-1, left). This enzyme is located mainly in the liver, but small amounts are found in other organs such as the brain and stomach. In some Asian populations with polymorphisms in ADH that affect enzyme activity, a form of ADH with reduced activity is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism. 

This is known as Michaelis-Menten or saturation kinetics. The processes that involve specific interactions between chemicals and proteins such as plasma protein binding, active excretion from the kidney or liver via transporters, and metabolism catalyzed by enzymes can be saturated. This is because there are a specific number of binding sites that can be fully occupied at higher doses. In some cases, cofactors are required, and their concentration may be limiting (see chap. 7 for salicylate, paracetamol toxicity). These all lead to an increase in the free concentration of the chemical. Some drugs, such as phenytoin, exhibit saturation of metabolism and therefore nonlinear kinetics at therapeutic doses. Alcohol metabolism is also saturated at even normal levels of intake. Under these circumstances, the rate of... 

Freudenheim, J.L., Ambrosone, C.B., Moysich, K.B., Vena, J.E., Marshall, J.R., Graham, S., Laughlin, R., Nemoto, T. Shields, RG. (1997) Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk effect of alcohol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase (Abstract No. 4153). Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 38, 619... 

Daniel, D.R., McAnalley, B.H. Garriott, J.C. (1981) Isopropyl alcohol metabolism after acute intoxication in humans. J. anal. Toxicol., 5, 110-112... 

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