Enteric infection

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Enteric infections Inflammatory bowel diseases Pancreatitis Appendicitis Cholecystitis Biliary colic Gastroparesis Postvagotomy syndrome Intestinal pseudo-obstruction Functional dyspepsia Gastroesophageal reflux Peptic ulcer disease Hepatitis Peritonitis Gastric malignancy Liver failure... 

Kenneth J. Ryan. Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning. Sherris Medical Microbiology An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 3d ed., Kenneth J. Ryan et al., eds. Norwalk, CT Appleton Lange, 1994. 

Diarrhea Enteric infections Escherichia coli Cryptosporidium Shigella Vibrio cholerae Clostridium difficile Salmonella... 

This article provides an overview of the epidemiological impact, pathogenesis and new approaches to the management of enteric infections. Although several enteric viruses are important causes of diarrhea in both developed and developing country, we will focus this overview on bacterial and selected parasitic pathogens. 

Table 1. Clinical, epidemiological and pathogenic features of enteric infections... 

A bacterial enteric infection may manifest as diarrhea or may also remain asymptomatic. Recently, it was recognized that even asymptomatic enteric infections by Cryptosporidium, EAggEC and Giardia lamblia may be associated with nutritional shortfalls, even in the absence of overt diarrheal illness [17]. 

Among functional alterations in patients with infectious diarrhea are increased secretion, failure of barrier function and reduction of absorptive function causing dehydration and nutritional deficiency. An understanding of the molecular pathogenesis with regard to each enteric pathogen will likely lead to a quicker diagnosis, more effective treatment and prevention of enteric infections. 

Fig. 1. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of enteric infections. Adapted from Guerrant et al. [113], Infectious Diseases Society of America Practice Guidelines for the Management of Infectious Diarrhea.

Guerrant RL, Lima AA, Barboza M, Young S, Silva T, Barrett L, Bao Y, Fox J, Moore S Mechanisms and impact of enteric infections. AdvExpMed Biol 1999 473 103-112. 

Rifaximin Rifamycin Antibiotic Gut bacteria Enteric infection Diarrhea, infectious Hepatic encephalopathy Small intestine bacterial overgrowth Inflammatory bowel disease Colonic diverticular disease Irritable bowel syndrome Constipation Clostridium difficile infection Helicobacter pylori infection Colorectal surgery Bowel decontamination, selective Pancreatitis, acute Bacterial peritonitis, spontaneous Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy... 

Norrby SR Principles for targeted antibiotic use in urinary tract and enteric infections A review with special emphasis on norfloxacin. Scand J Infect Dis 1986 18(suppl 48) 7—19. 

Antibiotics have a recognized role in the treatment of culture-proven bacterial causes of symptomatic enteric infection such as Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhi. The use of antibiotics in the treatment... 

Although used as a simulant, it can cause acute bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, enteric infections, urinary tract infections, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, suppurative thyroiditis, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections. There are also strains of E. coli (C17-A015) that produce lethal cytotoxins (C16-A052). ... 

Infection with Helicobacter pylori is widely spread in the world and as many as 50% of the population is estimated to be infected, with the highest incidence in Asia and developing countries. The bacterial toxins of Helicobacter pylori damage the epithelial cells in the stomach and can in the long term lead to gastric atrophy (Pilotto 1996, Faisal et al. 1990, Pilotto et al. 1999). The consequential decrease in secretion of acid causes a higher gastric pH level which can increase the risk of enteric infections, for example, with Campylobacter and Clostridium difficile. 

Neomycin is commonly used in combination with other drugs. Pa-renterally, neomycin is quite nephrotoxic. It is most often used topically in animals with infectious diseases of the eye and external ear or contaminated wounds. Neomycin is also available alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of enteric infections and for the intra-mammary treatment of mastitis in cows. 

Girard, M. P., Steele, D., Chaignat, C. L., and Kieny, M. P. (2006). A review of vaccine research and development Human enteric infections. Vaccine 24, 2732-2750. 

Anderson, G. P., Jacoby, M. A., Ligler, F. S., and King, K. D. (1997). Effectiveness of protein A for antibody immobilization for a fiber optic biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 12,329-336. Baeumner, A. (2004). Nanosensors identify pathogens in food. Food Technol. 58, 51-55. Balbus, J. M., and Embrey, M. A. (2002). Risk factors for waterborne enteric infections. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 18, 46-50. 

Carter, M. J. (2005). Enterically infecting viruses Pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98,1354 1380. 

It is used systemically in enteric infections caused by gram negative organisms and topically for pseudomonal infections of conjunctiva and cornea, bums and skin. 

Nikolaeva LG (1993) Microbiological aspects of use of enterosorbents in acute enteric infections. Likarska Sprava 8 81-83 (In Russian)... 

A small increased risk of enteric infections may exist in patients taking proton pump inhibitors, especially when traveling in underdeveloped countries. Hospitalized patients may have an increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection. 

Administration of streptomycin intramuscularly is the method of choice for treating systemic infections. Oral forms of streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin, frequently combined with sulfonamide drugs and other compounds, are also used in animals for treatment of enteric infections. In addition, streptomycin is used as a feed additive for growth promotion purposes. In some countries, the combination of streptomycin with procaine penicillin is used as an initial nonspecific therapy in farm animals, and in intramammary applications for treatment of mastitis. Intramuscular dosages are in the range 5-10 mg/kg bw, while oral dosages are 20 mg/kg bw. Dihydrostreptomycin is also used in veterinary medicine in intramammary and topical treatments. 

Certain organic arsenicals are incorporated in pig and broiler feeds to improve weight gain and feed efficiency and to combat enteric infections. Arsanilic acid... 

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