Acute enteritis

Large doses of 2-PAM or toxogonin (at 7100 mg/kg) cause death that may be associated with acute enteritis, but small doses do not seem to produce tissue changes.23 with small doses, enteritis is not sufficiently severe to cause death. 

Nikolaeva LG (1993) Microbiological aspects of use of enterosorbents in acute enteric infections. Likarska Sprava 8 81-83 (In Russian)... 

Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord CE. Antimicrobial agents and Clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease epidemiological data from Sweden, 1980-1982. J Infect Dis 1985 151(3) 476-81. 

Type D trichothecene mycotoxins consist of Varrucarins and Roridins. Many surveys clarified that all 12, 13-epoxytricho-thecenes possess a potent inhibitory activity on protein and DNA syntheses in eukaryotes, and also possess acute enteritis in man and farm animal health thus, the trichothecene mycotox are one of the important toxicants in man and farm animal health. T-2 toxin was found naturally contaminated in cereals, grains, food and feedstuffs. 

Indications Replete heat and fire toxins, exuberant heat in the three burners patterns. Septicemia, dysentery, pneumonia, acute urinary tract infections, ulcers, carbuncles, furuncles, boils, acute enteritis, acute icteric hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, encephalitis, acute conjunctivitis, acute pelvic inflammation, erysipelas, cellulitis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, urticaria, pruritus, cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, neurasthenia, and hysteria... 

Indications Hot dysentery. Acute enteritis, postpartum enteritis, acute bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, ulcerative colitis, abnormal vaginal discharge, urinary tract infection, and acute conjunctivitis... 

Therefore we followed the excretion of several methylated ribo-nucleosides in different states of failure to thrive caused by disturbances of nutrition or metabolism anorexia nervosa, acute enteritis and hypothyreoidism. In all three states an effective treatment can change the metabolic situation towards anabolism. 

Anorexia nervosa postpuberal female of 17 years. Before onset of therapy she had lost weight from 40 to 24 kg within six months. Acute enteritis 2 months old boy. Before onset of therapy he had lost weight from 4700 to 4200 g within three days. Hypothyreoidism 9 years old boy, somatic and psychointellectual developmental age 3-5 years, as yet untreated. 2... 

Uses. Aspirin has analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic activity. It is used for the reHef of less severe types of pain, such as headache, neuritis, acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis, and toothache. Aspirin can be purchased in a variety of OTC and prescription dosage forms made and formulated by many companies. Tablets, ie, buffered, plain, or enteric-coated, are the most familiar in the United States, but other forms such as powder and effervescent formulations are of considerable importance in other parts of the world. 

Treatment for acute exposure to benzene vapor involves removing the subject from the affected area, followed by artificial respiration with oxygen intubation and cardiac monitors may be necessary for severe acute exposures (125,127). Because of its low surface tension, benzene poses a significant aspiration hazard if the liquid enters the lungs. Emesis is indicated in alert patients if more than 1 mL of benzene per kg of body weight has been ingested and less than two hours have passed between ingestion and treatment (127). 

Inhalation is the most common means by which ethers enter the body. The effects of various ethers may include narcosis, irritation of the nose, throat, and mucous membranes, and chronic or acute poisoning. In general, ethers are central nervous system depressants, eg, ethyl ether and vinyl ether are used as general anesthetics. 

Continual cardiac monitoring assists the nurse in assessing the patient for adverse drug reactions. If the patient is acutely ill or is receiving one of these drugs par-enterally, the nurse measures and records the fluid intake and output. The primary health care provider may order subsequent laboratory tests to monitor the patient s progress for comparison with tests performed in the preadministration assessment, such as an ECG, renal and hepatic function tests, complete blood count, serum enzymes, and serum electrolytes. The nurse reports to the primary care provider any abnormalities or significant... 

A patient enters the emergency department with an acute MI. Thrombolytic therapy is begun with streptokinase Discuss ongoing assessments that are important for the nurse to perform. 

Neutrophils are motile phagocytic cells that play a key role in acute inflammation. When bacteria enter tissues, a number of phenomena result that are collectively... 

Amylase enters the blood largely via the lymphatics. An increase in hydrostatic pressure in the pancreatic ducts leads to a fairly prompt rise in the amylase concentration of the blood. Neither an increase in volume flow of pancreatic juice nor stimulation of pancreatic enzyme production will cause an increase in senm enzyme concentration. Elevation of intraductal pressure is the important determinant. Stimulation of flow in the face of obstruction can, however, augment the entry of amylase into the blood, as can disruption of acinar cells and ducts. A functional pancreas must be present for the serum amylase to rise. Serum amylase determination is indicated in acute pancreatitis in patients with acute abdominal pain where the clinical findings are not typical of other diseases such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, peptic ulcer, vascular disease or intestinal obstruction. In acute pancreatitis, the serum amylase starts to rise within a few hours simultaneously with the onset of symptoms and remains elevated for 2 to 3 days after which it returns to normal. The peak level is reached within 24 hours. Absence of increase in serum amylase in first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms is evidence against a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (76). 

In the gut, many pathogens adhere to the gut wall and produce their toxic effect via toxins which pervade the surrounding gut wall or enter the systemic circulation. Vibrio cholerae and some enteropathic E. coli strains localize on the gut wall and produce toxins which increase vascular permeability. The end result is a hypersecretion of isotonic fluids into the gut lumen, acute diarrhoea and consequent dehydration which may be fatal in juveniles and the elderly. In all these instances, binding to epithelial cells is not essential but increases permeation ofthe toxin and prolongs the presence of the pathogen. 

FIGURE 2.6 Dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging. Axial images of the brain are acquired repeatedly, in this case every 1.5 seconds. As a bolus of intravenously injected contrast material enters the brain, first arteries, then brain parenchyma, and finally veins demonstrate a transient loss of signal intensity. In this acute stroke patient, hypoperfusion of the left middle cerebral artery territory results in delayed arrival of the contrast bolus and prolonged stasis of contrast within the tissue. 

The CAPRIE trial found that compared to aspirin (325 mg daily), clopidogrel (75 mg daily) was associated with RRR of 8.7% p = 0.043) for the composite endpoint of ischemic stroke, Ml, or vascular death among 19,185 subjects with stroke, MI, or peripheral arterial disease, but no significant reduction in the composite endpoint in the subgroup with stroke (RRR 7.3%, p = 0.26). No comparison of clopidogrel with aspirin in the acute stroke period was performed. Furthermore, stroke as an endoint was not significantly reduced in the stroke patients entered in this trial (RRR 8.0%, p = NS). 

Humans Hydrogen peroxide has been used as an enema or as a cleaning agent for endoscopes and may cause mucosal damage when applied to the surface of the gut wall. Hydrogen peroxide enteritis can mimic an acute ulcerative, ischaemic or pseudomembranous colitis, and ranges from a reversible, clinically inapparent process to an acute, toxic fulminant colitis associated with perforation and death (Bilotta and Waye, 1989). It is conceivable that anecdotal reports of exacerbation of IBD by iron supplementation (Kawai et al. 1992) are mediated by hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. 

Empey, L.R., Papp, J.D., Jewell, L.D. and Fedorak, R.N. (1992). Mucosal protective effects of vitamin E and misoprostol during acute radiation-induced enteritis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37, 205-214. 

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