Engineering standards and codes

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Todsy s existing standards and codes ensure that we have safe structures, safe transportation systems, safe drinking water, safe indoor/outdoor air quality, safe products, and reliable services. Standards also encourage uniformity in the size of parts and components that are made by various manufacturers around the world. 

Ratio of sidewaii height-to-tread width. Range 35 to 80. Higher numbers mean a smoother ride, but sloppier handling. Lower numbers mean a harsher ride, but crisper handling. 

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As well as the various national standards and codes, the larger design organisations will have their own (in-house) standards. Much of the detail in engineering design work is routine and repetitious, and it saves time and money, and ensures a conformity between projects, if standard designs are used whenever practicable. 

Standards and codes of practice are an essential part of engineering therefore, the relevant North American standards are cited. The codes and practices covered by these standards will be applicable to other countries. They will be covered by equivalent national standards in most developed countries, and in some cases the relevant British, European, or International standards have also been cited. Brief... 

Founded in 1880, the ASME develops standards and test codes through its extensive network of committees (ASME s first code was a boiler test code, published in the year 1884). The association has around 100,000 members. It is run through a Board of Governors that has delegated codes and standards work to a 22-member council. Roughly 4000 engineers, manufacturers, and other interested parties sit on the 120 main committees that work on standards and codes. 

You should know why we need to have standards and codes in engineering. 

Although a Safety Case is fundamentally nonprescriptive and performance-based, this does not mean that it will not call out industrial standards and codes—many of which are quite detailed. Not only will API standards be referred to, particularly those in the Recommended Practices 14 group, but documents from other professional bodies such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) are also likely to be cited. 

In other words, if standards and/or codes of practice are not adhered to, the onus will be on the designer/producer to explain the departure from the standards and demonstrate that what was done, in the event, achieved an equivalent or higher standard. Such an approach may work well in branches of engineering where there are well-defined standards and codes of practice, but as was discussed in Section 10.2.1, at the present time standards in relation to safety-critical software are only just emerging and, as yet, there are no generally well-accepted standards which can be used by software engineers developing software for use in such applications. ... 

Engineering standards, including codes of practice, are the basis on which a process plant is designed, specified and built. They act as a common currency between the involved parties and enable full use to be made of accumulated knowledge and wisdom. 

For design purposes, the capacity determination of analysed structures, systems and components is based on the hmits (stress and strength for materials and other appropriate characteristics) as given in the selected standards and codes (Table 10) relative to all potential critical failure modes for the analysed item These hmits are the same as those adopted by these standards and codes and by related engineering practices for extreme load combinations. 

In a typical infrastructure project, the cost of engineering is less than ten percent of the total cost. There is little if any development and prototyping, and the greater part of the engineering work is prescribed by standards and codes. Exploratory work and preliminary design often focuses on geotechnical investigations and surveys. 

Each segment of the insulated wire and cable industry has its own set of standards, and cables are built to conform to specifications provided by a large variety of technical associations such as The Institute of Electrical Electronic Engineers (IEEE), The Insulated Cable Engineers Association, (ICEA), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Rural Electrification Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (REA), Association of Edison Illumination Companies (AEIC), MiUtary Specifications of the Department of Defense (MIL), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), National Electrical Code (NEC), etc. 

The first stage toward producing an accurate estimate is to use a standard cost code for all construction projects. Table 9-45 shows a suitable numerical cost code, and Table 9-46 shows a typical alphabetical-numerical code. The cost-code system can be used throughout the estimating and construction stages for the collection of cost data by manual or computer methods. There are numerous types of fixed-capital-cost estimates, but in 1958 the American Association of Cost Engineers defined five types as follows ... 

Brandt, D., W. George, C. Elathaway, andN. McClintock. 1992. An Engineer s Guide to Plant Eayout. Part 2. The Impact of Codes, Standards and Regulations. Chemical Engineering, 99(4), 89-94. 

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