Engine Experiments

The platinum additive studied was Platinum Plus 3100, supplied by Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. The copper additive was OS96401, a gift from Lubrizol. The cerium additive was DPX9 from Rhodia, eind the iron additive was ferrocene from Aldrich. 

Before an experiment with a new fuel additive formulation, the engine was conditioned to the new fuel for 24 hours. After this period, a filter was placed in an oven that was attached to a side stream of the exhaust system. Exhaust gas was pumped through the filter with a vacuum pump, at a controlled rate of typically 8 -10 IsTp/min. The pressure drop over the filter was measured and recorded, together with other data such as filter exhaust temperature, fuel consumption, etc. 

The soot collected on the filter leads to an increased pressure drop over the filter, that requires adjustment of the flow rate. When a certain amount of soot is collected on the filter, the pressure drop over the filter stabilises. At this point, there is an equilibrium between the rate of soot collected on the filter and the rate of soot oxidised on the filter. This equilibrium can be achieved at different temperatures, a lower temperature leading to a higher stable pressure drop over the filter. When the temperature is too low, it is not possible to achieve an equilibrium the filter is 

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R. Richards, "Methanol-Pueled Caterpillar 3406 Engine Experience ia On-Highway Tmcks," V4E Paper 902160, (SP-840), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., Oct., 1990. 

A. W. Jen ike, Storage andFhw of Solids, Bulletin No. 123, University of Utah Engineering Experiment Station, Salt Lake City, Nov. 1964. 

A. L. Lydersen, Estimation of Critical Properties of Organic Compounds, Report 3, College Engineering Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., Apr. 1955. 

A. merican Petroleum Institute Kesearch Project44 Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A M University, College Station, Tex., 1976. 

C. Lipson and N. J. Sheth, Statistica/Design andAna/ysis of Engineering Experiments, McGraw-HiU, New York, 1972. "This book is written in a relatively simple style so that a reader with a moderate knowledge of mathematics may foUow the subject matter. No prior knowledge of statistics is necessary." Appreciably more discussion is devoted to statistical analysis than to the planning of experiments. Some relatively nonstandard subjects (for an introductory text), such as accelerated experiments, fatigue experiments, and renewal analysis are also included. 

Investigations in the field of shoek eompression of solid materials were originally performed for military purposes. Speeimens sueh as armor were subjected to either projectile impact or explosive detonation, and the severity and character of the resulting damage constituted the experimental data (see, e.g., Helie, 1840). Investigations of this type continue today, and although they certainly have their place, they are now considered more as engineering experiments than scientific research, inasmuch as they do little to illuminate the basic physics and material properties which determine the results of shock-compression events. 

Lipson, C. and Sheth, N. J. 1973 Statistical Design and Analysis of Engineering Experiments. NY McGraw-Hill. 

The systematized application of modern technology (instrumentation, both mechanical and aerothermal and low-cost computers) and turbo-machinery engineering experience will result in the development and application of cost-effective systems. 

According to r] = l-Rf the efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle increases indefinitely with increasing compression ratio. Actual engine experiments, which inherently include the real effects of incomplete combustion, heat loss, and finite combustion time neglected in fuel-air cycle analysis, indicate an efficiency that IS less than that given by r =l-R when a = 0.28. Furthermore, measured experimental efficiency reached a maximum at a compression ratio of about 17 in large-displacement automotive cylinders but at a somewhat lower compression ratio in smaller cylinders. 

Engineers quickly recognized that turbines could be arranged iu a variety of ways. For example, water could be fed to the wheel internally (as Fourneyron s machine did), externally, axially, or by a combination. Between 1830 and 1850 a host of European and American engineers experimented with almost every conceivable arrangement. The turbines that resulted— the most popular being the mixed-flow Francis turbine—quickly demonstrated their superiority to traditional vertical wheels in most respects. Turbines were... 

Graves, R. M., and Thompson, R. S., The Ultimate Engineering Experience," Proceedings of the ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Meeting. Austin, Texas, April 1-2, 1993. 

To determine which hazard paper is appropriate to use when plotting a set of multiply censored data, first rely on engineering experience. If that is not an option, try different papers until you find one that is suitable. To save time, it may be a good idea to try plotting the sample cumulative hazard function on exponential hazard paper, since it is just... 

The authors appreciate the encouragement and support of this work by the Department of Chemical Engineering, the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, and E. I. duPont deNemours Company. 

Process engineering experiments intended to provide better process understanding. 

The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to staff members of the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC), part of the Chemical Engineering Division of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station in The Texas A M University System. Our special thanks to Munaf Chasmawala and Cheryl Clark for their assistance in data collection and entry, formatting the text, preparing the graphs, and composing the camera-ready copy of the manuscript. 

By using his engineering experience and common sense, the process engineer can answer many of the above questions himself. The other answers can usually be obtained from one of his co-workers. In every company there are people of varied backgrounds. Usually someone can either provide an answer or suggest a place where the answer may be found. 

Acknowledgements. Financial support for this project came in part from the National Science Foundation (Grants ENG 77-01070 and 76-00692), the Petroleum Research Fund (Grant 10057-AC7-C), The Gas Research Institute (Grant 5014-363-0118), The Texas Engineering Experiment Station and the Gas Processors Association (Projects 772 and 758). We gratefully acknowledge their assistance. 

In direct fuel injection diesel engine experiments the flame front lifts from the jet outlet and one must realize that this condition does not affect the soot analysis as given by Eq. (8.148a) since Tn and T lie well within the lifted flame... 

The financial support of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station and the Texas A M University Center for Energy and Mineral Resources is very much appreciated. The authors are grateful to Dr. Jerry A. Bullin for helpful suggestions. 

These reactors may be modelled with precision based on past engineering experience. Therefore, more obscure biotic and abiotic fate processes (e.g., biotransformation and sorption) may be studied in context of the structure of these obscure processes in context of the engineering model. For instance, a CSTR containing 400 g/L of contaminated MGP soil was fed a sinusoidal concentration of naphthalene in the liquid reactor feed (0-14... 

Indicating the need for green chemistry or engineering experience in employment announcements ... 

This paper is designed as a technical overview of the sulfur question in synfuels production. It is not intended as a detailed literature review rather, the discussion is a compilation of engineering experience in the field. In the context of the sulfur symposium, the paper is directed at those who are interested in sulfur itself and not, for example, in the environmental implications of sulfur. 

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