Endemic

It is difficult to define the normal range of iodine intake in humans, and despite efforts to provide iodine supplementation in many geographic areas of the world, endemic iodine deficiency and attendant goiter remain a world health problem (147). Exposure to excess iodine may sometimes lead to the development of thyroid disease. This unusual type of iodide-induced goiter has been found, for example, in 10% of the population of a Japanese island where fishermen and their families consume large quantities of an iodine-rich seaweed and have an iodine intake as high as 200 mg/d (148). 

Pure selenium deficiency, without concurrent vitamin E deficiency, is not generally seen except in animals on experimental diets (113). In China, selenium deficiency in humans has been associated with Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy seen in children and in women of child-bearing ages, and Kashin-Beck disease, an endemic osteoarthritis in adolescents (113). 

Selenium deficiency has been identified iu humans iu a broad area of China, stretching from the northeast to the southwest. Two syndromes are evident Keshan disease, an endemic cardiomyopathy which affects children, and Kashin-Beck disease, an edemic osteoarthropathy (big-joiat), also mainly involving children, which occurs iu eastern Siberia and parts of China. As a result of these observations, a protective effect for selenium has been proposed, and various selenium-containing preparations have been appHed to preserve animal and human health. 

Skunks excrete 1-butanethiol and 2-methyl-1-butanethiol [1878-18-8] as a natural defense mechanism (12). Methanethiol is found in cheese, milk, coffee, and oysters (13—16). It is also found in the kuttin fmit, which is endemic to Southeast Asia. 

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, one of the few species of the insect capable of carrying the human malaria parasite. The responsible protozoa ate from the genus P/asmodium of which only four of some 100 species can cause the disease in humans. The remaining species affect rodents, reptiles, monkeys, birds, and Hvestock. The species that infect humans are P/asmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Note that concomitant multiple malaria infections are commonly seen in endemic areas, a phenomenon that further compHcates choice of treatment. 

There are other milder forms of thederiasis that resemble the disease caused by T parva infection. They also primarily affect catde and are transmitted by ticks. Causative organisms iaclude Theileria annulata responsible for tropical thieleriasis, tropical piroplasmosis, Egyptian fever, and Mediterranean Coast fever. These affect ox, zebu, and water buffalo. Endemic areas iaclude northern Africa, southeastern Europe, the southern part of the former USSR, and Asia. Theileria mutans is the cause of benign bovine thieleriasis, Marico calf disease, and mild gad sickness. It affects ox and zebu ia Africa, Asia, southern Europe, England, the former USSR, AustraUa, and North America. 

The treatment of Semliki Forest, San Angelo, and benzi vimses in mice suggests 7- thia-8-oxoguanosiae (59) may be useful in treating arthropod-home diseases that are endemic to Asia, the Pacific, and Africa. 

To minimize prejudice, analysts must identify and deal effectively with personnel barriers to accurate understanding. One type of personnel barrier is the endemic mythologies that have been developed to justify decisions and explain day-to-day operation in the plant. These mythologies develop because time, technical expertise, or engineers and operators skills do not warrant more sophisticated or technical solutions. 

Eiul-ecke, /., -eck, n. terminal angle, summit, endemisch, a. endemic, enden, v.t. r. end, terminate, cease. End-ergebnis, n. final result final product, -ertrag, m. final yield, -erzeugnis, n. final product, end product, -flache, /. terminal face, end face. geschwindigkeit, /. terminal... 

Land-, land, coimtry, rural, farm, agricultoral, provincial Med.) epidemic, also endemic, -bau, m. agriculture, farming. 

Land-gut, n. estate, -karte,/. map. -krank-heit,/. epidemic or endemic disease, land-kundig, a. notorious, -laufig, a. customary, current. 

Many alkaloids have pronounced biological properties, and a substantial number of the pharmaceutical agents used today are derived from naturally occurring amines. As a few examples, morphine, an analgesic agent, is obtained from the opium poppy Papaver somnifemm. Cocaine, both an anesthetic and a central nervous system stimulant, is obtained front the coca bush Erythroxylon coca, endemic to upland rain forest areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and western Brazil. Reserpine, a tranquilizer and antihypertensive, comes from powdered roots of the semitropical plant Rauwolfia serpentina. Ephedrine, a bronchodilator and decongestant, is obtained front the Chinese plant Ephedra sinica. 

Systemic mycoses are caused either by true pathogenic fungi (endemic in distinct areas of USA/South America) or by opportunistic fungi that induce severe infections in immunosuppressed patients. The arsenal for the treatment of deep organ mycoses is relatively small Amph B, 5FC, azoles (FLU, ITRA, voriconazole (NBA filing)) and CAS. 

In endemic areas, chemoprophylaxis has been abandoned for a variety of reasons, mainly due to sustainability problems and the risk of contributing to the development of resistance. Intermittent preventive therapy (EPT), however, appears to be an alternative to protect pregnant women (IPTp) and children during the first year of their life (IPTi). 

P. malariae), P. falciparum is responsible for the most severe form. At particular risk of developing severe malaria-associated pathology are the non-immune, including tourists and, in endemic areas, children and pregnant women during first pregnancy. 

Immunization against cholera in individuals traveling to or living in countries where cholera is endemic or epidemic... 

An interesting example of regioselective CM with ethylene as a tool in natural product degradation was recently disclosed by Hawaiian authors [149]. Thus, CM using catalyst C and ethylene gas was used to degrade the plant polyacetylene oxylipin (+)-falcarindiol (342) with uncertain stereochemistry at C3. As the reaction provided a meso product (343) in 81% yield by regioselective attack at the aliphatic side chain, the natural compound 342, isolated from a Hawaiian endemic plant, had the 3R,8S configuration shown in Scheme 66. 

The authors who have contributed to this book have already considered some of these issues, but usually at the scale of a class or classes in one or more schools or universities, rather than within an educational jurisdiction. A larger-scale address to this set of endemic problems is called for. Clearly, there is much to do. 

All 20 of the amino acids present in proteins are essential for health. While comparatively rare in the Western world, amino acid deficiency states are endemic in certain regions of West Africa where the diet relies heavily on grains that are poor sources of amino acids such as tryptophan and lysine. These disorders include kwashiorkor, which results when a child is weaned onto a starchy diet poor in protein and marasmus, in which both caloric intake and specific amino acids are deficient. 

Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasteurella tularensis) causes tularaemia in humans, a disease endemic in the American Midwest and contracted from infected animals. 

Fig. 16.1 Reported incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in England and Wales during the 1950s and 1960s. After introduction of vaccination programmes the incidence of disease dropped from an endemic incidence of ca. 5000 cases per year to fewer than 10.

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