Goitre, endemic

Ermans AM, Nbulamoko NM, Delange F, et al., eds. 1980. Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism. Ottawa, Canada International Development Research Centre, 1-182. 

The therapeutic strategy should rely on preventative measures. Endemic goitre and endemic cretinism as well as more subtle deficits of neurological function associated with iodine deficiency have been shown to be prevented with adequate iodine prophylaxis. Adequate and continuous supply is the key to successful prevention programmes. 

Iodine is used in thyroid storm, hyperthyroidism, preoperatively before thyroidectomy and prophylaxis of endemic goitre. Iodine is also useful as antiseptic and in expectorants. 

Kahaly GJ, Dienes HP, Beyer J, Hommel G. Iodine induces thyroid autoimmunity in patients with endemic goitre a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol 1998 139(3) 290-7. 

Iodine therapy maximises iodide stores in the thjToid, which delays response to thionamides. Prophylactic iodide (1 part in 100 000 parts) may be added to the salt, water or bread where goitre is endemic. 

Fordyce FM, Johnson CC, Navaratna UR, Appleton JD, Dissanayake CB. Selenimn and iodine in soil, rice and drinking water in relation to endemic goitre in Sri Lanka. Sd Total Environ 2000 263 127-41. 

Several studies have evaluated the effects of excessive iodine intake in humans, and antithyroid antibodies and iodine-induced hypo- and hyperthyroidism have been reported following long-term iodine treatment for endemic goitre (Boyages et al., 1989 Kahaly et al., 1997, 1998). 

Boyages SC, Bloot AM, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Li M, Qian QD, Liu DR, van der Gaag RD, Drexhage HA (1989) Thyroid autoimmunity in endemic goitre caused by excessive iodine intake. Clin Endocrin (Oxf), 31 452-465. 

Langer P (1960) History of goitre. In Endemic Goitre. World Health Organization Monograph,... 

Joseph K, Mahlstedt J, Gonneemann R, Herbert K and Welcke U (1980) Early recognition and evaluation of the risk of hyperthyroidism in thyroid autonomy in an endemic goitre area. J Mol Med 4 21-37. 

Kelly FC and Snedden WW (1960) The prevalence and geographical distribution of endemic goitre. In ... 

Lancer P (1993) Discussion to Iodine in the food chain. In Delange etal..eds. Iodine Deficiency in Europe, pp. 158. Plenum Press New York. Lancer P (1960) The history of goitre. In Anonymous ed. Endemic Goitre, pp. 9—25. World Health Organization Geneva. 

Kelly, F.C. and Snedden, W.W. (1960). Endemic Goitre, World Health Organization, WHO Monograph Series No. 44, pp. 27-233. 

Fierro-Benitez, R., Cazar, R., Stanbury, J.B., Rodriguez, E, Garces, F., Fierro-Renoy, F. and Estrella, E. (1986). In (eds J.T. Dunn, E. Pretell and C. Daza), Towards the Eradication of Endemic Goitre, Cretinism, and Iodine Defieieney. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, pp. 182-200. 

Li, J.Q. (1980). Endemic Goitre and Endemic Cretinism Scientific Conference Proceeding, Huixian, Xinxiang, Henan, China, p. 31. 

ICMR. (1989). Indian Council of Medical Research. Epidemiological survey of endemic goitre and endemic cretinism. Report of ICMR Task Force Study, New Delhi, India. Jones, T, Mithal, A. and Kochupillai, N. (1988).. Assoc. Physicians India 36, 13A. 

Clements, F.W. (1949). Endemic Goitre in Tasmania Report of a Survey. Department of Public Health, Tasmania. 

Demaeyer, E., Lowenstein, F. and Thilly, C. (1979). The Control of Endemic Goitre. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 

D4. Delange, F., Camus, M., and Ermans, A. M., Circulating thyroid hormones in endemic goitre. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34, 891-895 (1972). 

R. Docter, G.F. Botazzo and D. Doniach, Further studies on thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins in euthyroid non endemic goitre,... 

B. Grubeck-Loebenstein, H. Kassal, P.P.A. Smyth, K. Krisch and W. Waldhausl, The prevalence of immunological abnormalities in endemic simple goitre, Acta Endocrinol. 113 508-513 (1986). 

Studies of the antithyroid effects of cassava and of thiocyanate in rats, "Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism", A.M. Ermans, N.M. Mbulamoko, F. Delange and R. Ahluwalia eds.. International Development Research Centre Publ., Ottawa (1980), pp. 93-110. 

K. Kochupillai, M.M. Godbole, M.G. Karmakar, C.S. Pandav, K. Vasuki and M.M.S. Ahuja, TSH, T4, T3 and rT3 in cord blood of newborns from areas of differing endemicity for goitre, "Neonatal screening",... 

F. Delange, C.H. Thilly, and A.M. Ermans, Endemic goitre in Kivu... 

Chu), The present status of endemic goitre and endemic cretinism in China, Food and Nutri. Bui. 4,4 13 (1981). 

In order to resolve the controversy over the role of iodine in the pathogenesis of the nervous type of cretinism observed in Papua New Guinea, a double blind controlled trial was carried out using a single intramuscular injection of iodinated oil. This had previously been shown to be an effective prophylactic for endemic goitre. ... 

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