Goiter, endemic

I deficit, Mn excess In the Middle Volga regions Decreased I and increased Mn content in Podsoluvisols and Arenosols Disturbance of I exchange due to its deficit is enhanced by Mn excess. Endemic increase of thyroid gland and endemic goiter... 

Content of chemical elements and their ratios are close to optimum Phaerozems, Chernozems and Kastanozems. I deficiency is common in river valleys Content of many nutrients is optimal in soils and forage crops in some places, the I deficiency of P, K, Mn, and I occurs Endemic increase of thyroid gland and endemic goiter take place in Phaerozems and Floodplain soils... 

I, Co, Cu deficit Various mountain regions Carpathian, Caucasian, Crimea, Tien-Shan, etc Mountain soils Endemic increase of thyroid gland and endemic goiter, Cobalt-deficiency and B12 vitamin-deficiency... 

According to the specific characteristics of North Eurasian biogeochemical provinces, the alterations of the biogeochemical food webs were studied for I (endemic goiter), Si (the Urov disease), B (endemic enteritis), Se (endemic myopathia), and Mo (endemic gout). On a basis of these results, the recommendations have been produced for correction of daily intake of essential elements. 

The deficit of I, Co, Mn, and Zn, moderate excess of Si and disturbed ratios of trace metals to I and Si are characteristic features of the biogeochemical food web of this Pre-Volga sub-region of biosphere. Most of its natural water sources have a decreased content of fluorine. These peculiarities of biogeochemical food web favor the occurrence of tooth decay (caries) and endemic goiter. 

Although certain effects, such as cyanosis and endemic goiter, have been associated with cyanide exposure (see Section 2.6.2), a positive correlation between cyanide exposure and one of its effects has not yet been established. Additional studies establishing a correlation between cyanide exposure and one of its effects will be useful in diagnosing cyanide exposure. 

Delange F, Ermans AM. 1971. Role of a dietary goitrogen in the etiology of endemic goiter on Idjwi Island. Am J Clin Nutr 24 1354-1360. 

Evidence of a different sort also indicates wide variability with respect to thyroid function. In endemic areas not all of the individuals exhibit endemic goiters, only certain individuals. These, it would be assumed, are individuals who for some reason connected with the production of thyroid hormone need more iodine than their fellows. Similarly, it may be noted that in areas where sea food is abundantly used and iodine is therefore relatively plentiful, there are still some individuals who develop simple goiter. 

Sedlak DL, Pinkston KE (2001) Factors affecting the concentrations of pharmaceuticals released to the aquatic environment. Water Resources Update 56-64 Seffner W (1995) Natural water contents and endemic goiter—a review. Zantralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin 196 381-398... 

Iodine takes part in the thyroid gland s hormone synthesis. Endemic goiter with hypothyreosis occurs under iodine deficiency as well as arterial hypertension. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can cause... 

Diets rich in millet have been associated with endemic goiter in parts of West Africa where millet is a staple. The damage has been attributed to vitexin, a C-glycosyl flavone, that in rats has antithyroid activity and that in vitro inhibits thyroid peroxidase and the free radical iodination step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Isoflavones have produced similar antithyroid effects in rats, but clinical studies in adults have not. " However, this remains a possible concern in infants fed soya-based milk-replacers, especially if iodine supply is compromised. 

Boissevain CH, Drea WF. 1936. Relation between the occurrence of endemic goiter and the presence of traces of silver and barium in drinking water. Endocrinology 26 686-687. 

Matovinovic, J. (1983). Endemic goiter and cretinism at the dawn of the third millennium. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 3, 341-412. 

Iodine is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a direct action on cells by precipitating proteins. The affected cells may be destroyed. In addition to the primary irritant action of iodine, this compound can act as a potent sensitizer. Iodine is an integral part of thyroid hormones (tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) and triiodothyronine), and deficiency results in compensatory hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland (endemic goiter). Endemic goiter occurs naturally where soil is deficient in iodine. 

Bourdoux, P., F. Delange, M. Gerard, M. Mafuta, A. Hanson and A.M. Ennans. Evidence that cassava ingestion increases thiocyanate formation a possible etiologic factor in endemic goiter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46 613-621, 1978. 

Kahaly G, Dienes HP, Beyer J, Hommel G (1997) Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of low dose iodide in endemic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82(12) 4049-4053. 

Rhodifuse lode has been successfully tested in African villages where drinking water had very low iodine contents. Normal urinary iodine levels were measured after six months of supplementation. A significant regression in the prevalence of endemic goiter was observed among the population after one year. 

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