End-of-life

The nondepreciable investments, ie, land and working capital, are often assumed to be constant preoperational costs that are fully recoverable at cost when the project terminates. Equipment salvage is another end-of-life item that can represent a significant fraction of the original fixed capital investment. However, salvage occurs at the end of life, can be difficult to forecast, and is partially offset by dismantling costs. Eor these reasons, a zero salvage assumption is a reasonable approximation ia preliminary analysis. 

Fnd-of-Tife Items. The end-of-life items are working capital return, sale of land, and salvage. If there is a capital gain on land sale or salvage, above the remaining tax-basis asset value, then this gain is treated as taxable ordinary income ia the United States historically, capital gains were taxed separately at a... 

As much as a quarter of a flexible foam block can be wasted in downstream processing into flnished products. Thanks to the efforts of process technologists and engineers, this scrap material can be recycled by at least 17 basic methods. However, only a few have found significant practical applications. Most other PU scrap ends up as uncollectable domestic waste with perhaps one key exception, materials from end-of-life vehicles. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL Accession no. 709465... 

MIXED COMBUSTION OF AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUES WITH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE A SOUND ROUTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY FROM END OF LIFE VEHICLES... 

This paper considers plastics and their positive role during the lifetime of a car, the case of end-of-life vehicles, energy recovery from shredding refuse by means of co-... 

This paper explores the use of plastics in cars to make them more environmentally friendly. It lists major environmental issues. It then discusses in detail the positive role of plastics during the lifetime of a car (more plastics means less fuel consumption), the fact that automotive plastic parts are user-friendly and safe, the current and future uses of plastics in cars, recovery options for plastics in end-of-life vehicles, mechanical recycling (which is the best recovery option for many large automotive parts), energy recovery (the solution for small plastic parts), and feedstock (or chemical) recycling. Lastly, the way forward is considered. 

Green product design is about reviewing the entire life-cycle of a product or service from sourcing all the raw materials needed, to ultimate disposal at the end of life. Looking for opportimities to improve performance, reduce costs and reduce environmental impact. 

Products where the main environmental impact comes at end of life. Products including hazardous materials are often expensive and difficult to dispose of safely. Batteries are an example of this class. 

Design strategies for end of life intensive products. Ideas for reducing environmental impact where the current solution is end of life intensive ... 

Design so that the manufacturer can recover and reuse the product at end of life. 

Design the product so that only benign materials are left at the end of life - biodegradable and compostable materials with low eco-toxicity. 

Design the product for reuse, remanufacture and recycling to reduce the amount of virgin raw material used, and the impact on disposal at end of life. 

Ensure that the product cosmetics are maintained through its hfe. High-performance coatings or body colour can ensure that the product does not become scuffed, chipped or visually impaired before the end of life. 

Design the product for a secondary use so that it has a market value at end of life. Composting of municipal green waste to produce garden compost is an attempt to balance waste disposal costs by producing a valuable product. 

Identify how a product could become a feedstock for another industry at end of life. Producing thermal fleeces from PET bottles and resilient playground surfaces from used tyres are examples. 

Avoid contaminating the materials with toxic residues at the end of life. 

Designing products so that disposal of end of life is easy and energy efficient. Designing products so that the embodied energy can be recovered at end of life. For example, producing plastics that can be burned for energy recovery without producing... 

Design products to only release benign materials into the environment. This is not easy. For example, both brake pad dust and material from car tires is highly eco-toxic. Design the product for containment or destruction before end of life of any hazardous materials. 

The DfE partnership will develop information to improve the understanding of the environmental and human health impacts of new and current materials that can be used to meet the fire safety requirements for circuit boards. Project partners include electronics manufacturers, component and board manufacturers, chemical companies, trade associations, environmental groups, universities and governments. The project will consider environmental and human health impacts that can occur throughout the life cycle of a material, from development and manufacture, through product use and end of life of the material or product. Stakeholders have expressed a particular interest in understanding the combustion products that could be formed during certain end of life scenarios. The list of active partners includes ... 

GHG emissions associated with the raw material are determined from the energy used to manufacture the plastic materials and the fuel used to transport them to the plant. The transportation and manufacture of the secondary packaging used to transport the primary raw materials and finished materials may also be considered. The embedded energy of the materials, if made from petroleum products, is also accounted for when it is used as a raw material (Keoleian and Spitzley, 1999 Spitzley et al., 1997). End-of-life emissions may also be included in LCA of milk packaging and include fhe energy used fo recycle the package or emissions in the form of CH4 from a landfill. 

Advanced directives and end-of-life issues for patients with more severe disease... 

---