End-of-life design

Rosa C, Stevels A, Ishii K (2000) A new approach to end of life design advisor. In Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE international symposium on electronics and the environment, Oak Brook, pp 99-104... 

Daglen, B.C., Tylta-, D.R. Photodegradable plastics end of life design principle. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 3(2), 69-82 (2010)... 

A check to ensure that the anodes will deliver sufficient current to protect the structure at the end of the design life should be conducted. This entails calculating the expected anode output at the end of its life and checking that it meets the demands of the structure. Generally the output is calculated using a modified resistance based on an anode that is 90% consumed. 

Green product design is about reviewing the entire life-cycle of a product or service from sourcing all the raw materials needed, to ultimate disposal at the end of life. Looking for opportimities to improve performance, reduce costs and reduce environmental impact. 

Design strategies for end of life intensive products. Ideas for reducing environmental impact where the current solution is end of life intensive ... 

Design so that the manufacturer can recover and reuse the product at end of life. 

Design the product so that only benign materials are left at the end of life - biodegradable and compostable materials with low eco-toxicity. 

Design the product for reuse, remanufacture and recycling to reduce the amount of virgin raw material used, and the impact on disposal at end of life. 

Design the product for a secondary use so that it has a market value at end of life. Composting of municipal green waste to produce garden compost is an attempt to balance waste disposal costs by producing a valuable product. 

Designing products so that disposal of end of life is easy and energy efficient. Designing products so that the embodied energy can be recovered at end of life. For example, producing plastics that can be burned for energy recovery without producing... 

Design products to only release benign materials into the environment. This is not easy. For example, both brake pad dust and material from car tires is highly eco-toxic. Design the product for containment or destruction before end of life of any hazardous materials. 

The final choice of the design team results from many iterations concerning the functional properties, the environmental constraints, the possibilities to produce the part in the required quantities, and the price. The price considered may just be the part cost but can also include assembling, delivery, set up and end-of-life costs, taking account of durability, the savings in maintenance, etc. 

Pressure for substitution also existed for the material PVC due to the public PVC discussion and also indirectly due to the DIRECTIVE 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles. Distnantlable nndeibody hard shells made of polypropylene are snit-able to solve these problems. However, the design of the nnderbody has to be adapted to the use of a hard shell, which can ultimately only be achieved in combination with a change of model. 

Biodegradable products are designed for applications where the functional property of biodegradability is a sustainable feature and is of value to the customer. The products show their potential at the end-of-use phase. The preferred end-of-life option for biodegradable products made of Ecoflex is composting. To make sure... 

Many nanoproducts either release ENMs into the wastewater stream during use (collected and treated) or release the bulk of the ENMs only during end-of-life-treatment. In this indirect release, ENMs are potentially removed in the effluent or discharge from treatment (waste incineration plant, wastewater treatment). One should, however, keep in mind that only carbonaceous materials can be definitively destroyed in treatment. Metals and metal oxides may be retained but will persist. Measures to prevent the entry of ENMs into the environment for products with indirect ENM release could be taken at the product design and manufacturing stage or at the treatment stage. 

Rios, R, Stuart, J. A., and Grant, E., Plastics disassembly versus bulk recycling Engineering design for end-of-life electronics resource recovery, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 5463-5470, 2003. 

Lines 1, 2, and 3 (investments) in Table 2 would normally only be filled in for the first column (discount factor of 1.000) which is designated as the zero year for the operation, with the unit actually going into operation at the start of the so-called first year. It is assumed that working capital and salvage value will be recovered in a lump sum at the end of the estimated service life, so these values are listed on lines 1, 2, and 13 as positive (incoming funds) numbers in the end-of-life column. Since these are lump-sum instantaneous values, the discount factor to apply to them is the finite (year-end) cash flow factor as shown in line 14 in the end-of-life column. 

Item Line Numbers in ( ) designate line Year End-of-life working capital and salvage value... 

Resource Design Manufacture 1 Logistics - Marketing h Sale L Use phase/final consumption End Of life 1... 

Designing more sustainable product also requires focus on the product s performance, specifically designing the product to deliver maximum function during its use and maximum value at end-of-life. The designer must ask a number of important questions, such as ... 

D) Cleaner Product Design => Materials Selection Minimising Quantity End Of Life Manufacturing Steps Manufacturing Process Life Cycle Analysis... 

Process design product stewardship is discussed in detail in the CER, and is broken down under the headings research and development product design and formulation the logistics chain products use and customer assistance end of life. There is also extensive discussion on the use of clean technology both for new plants and the refurbishment of existing ones. 

---