Encephalitis vaccine

Viral vaccines less generally available than those listed in die table include Congo Crimean haemorrhagic fever vaccine, dengue fever vaccine, Japanese encephalitis B vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tick borne encephalitis vaccine, and Venezuelan encephalitis vaccine. 

Okamoto S, Yoshii H, Ishikawa T et al (2008) Single dose of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine with poly(y-glutamic acid) nanoparticles provides effective protection from Japanese encephalitis virus. Vaccine 26 589-594... 

Japanese encephalitis vaccine Inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus Active immunization against viral agents causing Japanese encephalitis... 

Recordkeeping for the use of licensed drugs is a routine part of medical care of deployed troops. By contrast, recordkeeping requirements for IND use are substantial. Failure to comply with FDA requirements for keeping adequate records characterized the use of INDs in the Gulf War, as it did in the use of the tick-home encephalitis vaccine in Bosnia. 

Franklin QJ. Sudden death after typhoid and Japanese encephalitis vaccination in a young male taking pseudoephedrine. Mil Med 1999 164(2) 157-9. 

During the last half century, Japanese encephalitis has been recognized as an important arboviral disease in man in Japan, China, Korea, Thailand, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. In 1954, Japanese encephalitis vaccine of the mouse brain type for human use was licensed in Japan. However, there was strong criticism of mouse brain vaccine, which has continued for many years. Therefore, in 1965, the Nippon Institute of Biological Products and the Biken Foundation implemented more advanced purification procedures, such as alcohol precipitation and ultracentrifugation. 

Three types of Japanese encephalitis vaccine are currently produced ... 

Japanese encephalitis vaccine has been reviewed (2). A supplementary volume of the journal Vaccine has dealt with results presented at a WHO meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1998 (3-6). Comprehensive data were provided on the epidemiological and virological situation in southeast Asia and Australia, control measures, vaccine production capacities, and different vaccines against Japanese encephalitis. Adverse events after the use of inactivated mouse brain vaccine (the only vaccine that is currently licensed for international use) have been reviewed in detail (3). 

Postmarketing surveillance data of adverse events after Japanese encephalitis immunization in Japan and the USA have been compared (7). The rates of total reported adverse events were 2.8 per 100 000 doses in Japan and 15.0 per 100 000 doses in the USA. In Japan, 17 neurological disorders were reported from April 1996 to October 1998 (0.2 per 100 000 doses), whereas in the USA there were no serious neurological adverse events temporally associated with Japanese encephalitis vaccine from January 1993 to June 1999. Rates for systemic hypersensitivity reactions were 0.8 and 6.3 per 100 000 doses in Japan and the USA respectively. 

A 6-year-old girl and a 5-year-old boy had drowsiness, paresthesia, and gait disturbance 14 and 17 days respectively after immunization with Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Treatment with prednisolone improved the clinical findings (8,9). 

Another report included seven cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after administration of Japanese encephalitis vaccine between 1968 and 1990 (10). Three other cases of neurological complications after the use of Japanese encephalitis vaccine have been reported in Denmark. In two cases the clinical picture was consistent with acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (SEDA-21, 334). 

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended that vaccinees should be observed for 30 minutes after immunization and that medications to treat anaphylaxis should be available (12) [http //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4201.pdf]. A personal history of allergic disorders should be considered when weighing the risks and benefits of the vaccine for an individual. Japanese encephahtis vaccine should not be given to persons who had a previous adverse reaction after receiving Japanese encephalitis vaccine or a previous hypersensitivity reaction to other vaccines of neural origin. 

In Japan, children who had immediate-type allergic reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine had antigelatin IgE in their sera. However, the immunological mechanism of non-immediate-type allergic reactions that consist of cutaneous signs developing several hours or more after Japanese encephalitis immunization is not yet clear. Serum samples taken from 28 children who had non-immediate-type allergic skin reactions have been compared with serum samples taken from 10 children who had immediate-type reactions (13). All the children who... 

An association between reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine and a history of urticaria or allergic rhinitis has been identified (14). 

Kurane I, Takasaki T. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the current inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine against different Japanese encephalitis virus strains. Vaccine 2000 18(Suppl 2) 33-5. 

Takahashi H, Pool V, Tsai TF, Chen RT. Adverse events after Japanese encephalitis vaccination review of postmarketing surveillance data from Japan and the United States. The VAERS Working Group. Vaccine 2000 18(26) 2963-9. 

Serious allergic reactions were reported in 18 patients after the use of a Japanese encephalitis vaccine containing thiomersal (51). Reactions in 15 patients were thought to be related to the product 13 had urticaria affecting the whole body, one had erythema multiforme, and one had a rash. Fourteen reactions arose after the second... 

Andersen MM, Ronne T. Side-effects with Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Lancet 1991 337(8748) 1044. 

Positive merthiolate tests were found in eight of 30 patients with suspected adverse reactions to tetanus or tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (local inflammatory reactions at the injection site, fever, lymphadenopathy, urticarial or lichenoid exanthemas) (1). 

An improved tick-bome encephalitis vaccine for children, produced by Baxter, has been licensed and is being used without safety concerns in many countries. 

There have been three case reports of suspected reactivation of Varicella zoster through hepatitis A vaccine, influenza vaccine, and simultaneous administration of rabies and Japanese encephalitis vaccine (19). 

The number of doses will normally depend on the vaccine and the proposed clinical dosing schedule. In most cases, a N + 1 approach is used (one dose more than the clinical schedule22), which should provide an overage in the safety margin. However, in certain cases, only a single dose is needed. For example, for a Japanese encephalitis vaccine, to assess the effect of a viremia, only one dose was given to support a clinical regimen of one dose the viremia was only evident after one dose (unpublished data). 

Trade name Japanese encephalitis vaccine (Novartis) Indications Active immunization against Japanese encephalitis for adults. 

Japanese encephalitis vaccine japanese encephalitis vaccine gentamicin gemfibrozil... 

Serological diagnoses have some limitations in areas where other arborviruses are circulating or in individuals previously vaccinated with the yellow fever vaccine or Japanese encephalitis vaccine (cross-reactivity). For many years, the HI was the... 

In many countries an inactivated mouse brain-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-MB), manufactured in Japan by The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (Biken, Osaka, Japan), has been licensed and used since the 1990s. In 2006, production of JE-MB was discontinued, and supplies are limited. Other JE vaccines, including live-attenuated JE vaccine, are manufactured and used in Asia, but are not licensed for use in the USA and the EU. In 2009, the Food and drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EM. approved the inactivated JE vaccine Ixiaro for use in people aged 17 years and over. Ixiaro is a Verocell-derived JE vaccine developed by Intercell. The vaccine was... 

Tauber E, Kollaritsch H, Korinek M, Rendi-Wagner P, Jilma B, Firbas C, Schranz S, Jong E, Klingler A, Dewasthaly S, Klade CS. Safety and immunogenicity of a Vero-cell-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine a non-inferiority, phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 370 (9602) 1847-53. 

Vodicka J, Jelinkova H, Chrobok V. Smell impairment after tick-borne encephalitis vaccination. Vaccine 2010 28 886-8. 

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