Emulsification paints

Dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolaniine, and thek derivatives are used in pesticides, corrosion inhibitors, dmgs and pharmaceuticals, emulsification, paints and coatings, metal fabrication and finishing, petroleum and petroleum products, and plastics and resins (226). 

Static mixers are used ia the chemical iadustries for plastics and synthetic fibers, eg, continuous polymeri2ation, homogeni2ation of melts, and blending of additives ia extmders food manufacture, eg, oils, juices, beverages, milk, sauces, emulsifications, and heat transfer cosmetics, eg, shampoos, hquid soaps, cleaning Hquids, and creams petrochemicals, eg, fuels and greases environmental control, eg, effluent aeration, flue gas/air mixing, and pH control and paints, etc. 

Barium carbonate also reacts with titania to form barium titanate [12047-27-7] BaTiO, a ferroelectric material with a very high dielectric constant (see Ferroelectrics). Barium titanate is best manufactured as a single-phase composition by a soHd-state sintering technique. The asymmetrical perovskite stmcture of the titanate develops a potential difference when compressed in specific crystallographic directions, and vice versa. This material is most widely used for its strong piezoelectric characteristics in transducers for ultrasonic technical appHcations such as the emulsification of Hquids, mixing of powders and paints, and homogenization of milk, or in sonar devices (see Piezoelectrics Ultrasonics). 

Example 6 Emulsification of Nonmiscible Liquids. Liquid/liquid emulsions consist of two (or more) nonmiscible liquids. Classic examples of oil in water (0/W) emulsions are milk, mayonnaise, lotions, creams, water-soluble paints, and photo emulsions. As appliances serve dispersion and colloid mills, as well as high-pressure homogenizers. All of them utilize a high-energy input to produce the finest droplets of the disperse (mostly oil) phase. The aim of this oper-... 

Span surfactants are lipophilic and are generally soluble or dispersible in oil, forming water in oil emulsions. They are used for their excellent emulsification properties in personal care, industrial cleaning, fibre finish, crop protection, water treatment, paints and coatings, lubricant and other industrial applications. 

Is a lipophilic liquid emulsifier and solubilizer for mineral oils, fats, and solvents. A prime application for EMEREST 2648 is the emulsification of kerosene in agricultural and pesticide sprays. EMEREST 2648 is also used in the emulsification of latex paints, metalworking fluids, solvents, and specialty and industrial lubricants. 

A hydrophobic emulsifier and dispersing agent, is an excellent co-emulsifier exhibiting foam control properties for chlorinated and aromatic solvents. In water-based paints, it aids the dispersion of pigment slurries and improves gloss and freeze-thaw resistance. TRYLOX 5900 is also a clay dispersant and carrier for paper coatings. Textile uses include foam control and emulsification in low foaming dye carriers. 

Two of the earliest edible applications of lecithin, viscosity reduction in chocolate and confectionery products, and emulsification/antispatter properties in margarine, still enjoy wide popularity and represent outlets for large volumes of lecithin products. In addition, other early uses such as in bakery goods, pasta, textiles, insecticides, and paints, among others, are still active today. 

If the stirrer consists of a flat toothed disk, as e.g. the ZAR design [526] (Fig. 1.8), the liquid is accelerated radially in a small ring away from the disk and then rapidly decelerated. This produces high shear forces even in the absence of a stator ring and baffles. These two stirrer types are particularly suitable for emulsification and dispersion in a wide range of viscosities (e.g. in the production of pigment paints). 

Several industrial systems involve emulsions, of which the following are worthy of mention. Food emulsions include mayonnaise, salad creams, deserts, and beverages, while personal care and cosmetics emulsions include hand creams, lotions, hair sprays, and sunscreens. Agrochemical emulsions include self-emulsifiable oils that produce emulsions on dilution with water, emulsion concentrates with water as the continuous phase, and crop oil sprays. Pharmaceutical emulsions include anaesthetics (O/W emulsions), hpid emulsions, and double and multiple emulsions, while paints may involve emulsions of alkyd resins and latex. Some dry-cleaning formulations may contain water droplets emulsified in the dry cleaning oil that is necessary to remove soils and clays, while bitumen emulsions are prepared stable in their containers but coalesce to form a uniform fihn of bitumen when apphed with road chippings. In the oil industry, many crude oils (e.g.. North sea oil) contain water droplets that must be removed by coalescence followed by separation. In oil slick dispersion, the oil spilled from tankers must be emulsified and then separated, while the emulsification of waste oils is an important process for pollution control. 

Emulsification—the formation of emulsions from two immiscible liquid phases—is probably the most versatile property of surface-active agents for practical applications and, as a result, has been extensively studied. Paints, polishes, pesticides, metal cutting oils, margarine, ice cream, cosmetics, metal cleaners, and textile processing oils are all emulsions or are used in emulsified form. Since there are a number of books and chapters of books devoted to emulsions and emulsification (Sjoblom, 1996 Solans and Kunieda, 1996 Becher, 2001), the discussion here covers only those aspects of emulsification that bear on the role of surfactants in this phenomenon. 

The adsorption kinetics of a surfactant to a freshly formed surface as well as the viscoelastic behaviour of surface layers have strong impact on foam formation, emulsification, detergency, painting, and other practical applications. The key factor that controls the adsorption kinetics is the diffusion transport of surfactant molecules from the bulk to the surface [184] whereas relaxation or repulsive interactions contribute particularly in the case of adsorption of proteins, ionic surfactants and surfactant mixtures [185-188], At liquid/liquid interface the adsorption kinetics is affected by surfactant transfer across the interface if the surfactant, such as dodecyl dimethyl phosphine oxide [189], is comparably soluble in both liquids. In addition, two-dimensional aggregation in an adsorption layer can happen when the molecular interaction between the adsorbed molecules is sufficiently large. This particular behaviour is intrinsic for synergistic mixtures, such as SDS and dodecanol (cf the theoretical treatment of this system in Chapters 2 and 3). The huge variety of models developed to describe the adsorption kinetics of surfactants and their mixtures, of relaxation processes induced by various types of perturbations, and a number of representative experimental examples is the subject of Chapter 4. 

In preparing emulsions, many factors concerning their end-use have to be taken into account. Often, their preparation is merely an enabling step towards, for example, formation of disperse polymer systems, or enhancing a liquid/liquid extraction process. However, in many situations the emulsion is itself the end product. Abundant examples of where this is the case are to be found in the pharmaceutical, food, paint, dairy, agrichemical, cosmetic, adhesives and detergents industries. In these situations, as opposed to those where emulsification is an intermediate step, we are invariably more closely concerned with two key properties - rheology and stability. 

Waterborne paints differ according to the nature of their stabilization in water the polymer molecules are dissolved in water or dispersed in water in the form of polymer dispersions or emulsion polymers. Recent developments include polymer particles formed in organic solvents and then emulsified in water with low or, more commonly, high molecular mass emulsifiers being used for internal or external emulsification. Internal emulsification denotes that part of the binder molecule functions as an emulsifying moiety, whereas for external emulsification separate emulsifiers are required. 

Emulsion polymerization involves the emulsification of monomers in an aqueous phase, and stabilization of the droplets by a surfactant. Usually, a water-soluble initiator is used to start the free-radical polymerization. The final product is a dispersion of submicrometer polymer particles, which is called latex. The locus of polymerization is the micelle. Typical applications are paints, coatings, adhesives, paper coatings and carpet backings. The latex particles can have different structures (see Fig. 2). Excellent text books on the applications and structure-property relationships exist [11-15]. Besides a full description of the kinetics and mechanism of emulsion polymerization [16], a textbook adapted for use as material for people entering the field is also available [17]. 

Uses Emulsifier, dispersant for paints/coatings, inks, universal colorant systems dispersant for color pastes, color cones., TiOj, extender pigments and stabilizer in latex paints emulsifier, emulsion stabilizer for resin emulsification... 

Uses Wetting agent, dispersant, detergent, emulsifier, leveling agent, intermediate for cosmetics, household formulations, silicone emulsification, textile processing, paints, rubber, floor waxes surfactant in cosmetics emulsifier, emollient in pharmaceutical topicals in food-contact textiles... 

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