Clinical defined

L7. Leithauser, B., Matthias, F. R Nicolai, U., and Voss, R., Hemostatic abnormalities and the severity of illness in patients at the onset of clinically defined sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 22, 631-636(1996). 

Hypertension has also been associated with lead exposure in the general population. In a case-control study of clinically defined groups, 38 male cardiovascular patients were compared with 48 matched normotensive patients (Khera et al. 1980b). The cardiovascular patients were found to have higher PbB levels (mean, 44.9 ig/dL) than the normotensive patients (mean, 29.0 pg/dL). However, this study is limited by small sample size and incomplete control of confounding factors. 

Figure 1. The comparison of the ratios between clinically defined and documented toxic fishes and non-toxic consumed fishes is shown. The large circles are the means and the vertical lines the standard deviation. The smaller circles represent the individual fish samples, except for the 76 S. dumerili.

The analysis of fish tissues for ciguatoxin by a newly developed enzyme-immunoassay procedure (26, 27) has been carried out in this study. Three areas of examinations have been attempted (1) the examination of clinically defined and documented and non-toxic consumed fish samples (2) the assessment of freshly caught fishes from the sites in the Leeward part of the island of Oahu where ciguatoxin is found and (3) competitive inhibition with suspension of purified ciguatoxin and closely related structurally similar polyether toxins. 

The comparison of clinically defined and documented toxic with non-toxic consumed fishes by EIA clearly demonstrated a statistically significant difference (p <0.001) between the two populations. This result is similar to that reported for the radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay procedures (21, 22, 26-28). The assessment of the EIA with each species of fish samples caught in the Hawaiian waters presented positive and borderline frequency values comparable to that reported earlier by Ito and Uchida (28) by the RIA, and more recently by Kimura et al. (27) by the EIA. 

Liver injury is clinically defined as an increase of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels of more than three times the upper limit of normal and a total bilirubin level of more than twice the upper limit of normal [4]. The clinical patterns of liver injury can be characterized as hepatocellular (with a predominant initial elevation of ALT), cholestatic (with an initial elevation of alkaline phosphatase) or mixed. The mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity include excessive generation of reactive metabolites, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inhibition of bile salt efflux protein [5]. Better understandings of these mechanisms in the past decades led to the development of assays and models suitable for studying such toxic mechanisms and for selecting better leads in the drug discovery stage. 

Recently, studies have addressed the use of MAOls in clinically defined populations. Liebowitz et al. [1984] studied phenelzine and imipramine in atypical depression, characterized by social rejection sensitivity similar to that seen in social phobia. Phenelzine was found to be superior to imipramine in the symptomatic relief of this interpersonal sensitivity. This finding led to subsequent studies of MAOls in populations with social phobia. 

Once it is possible to expand a clinically defined and safe cell lineage for transplant, it is also necessary to be able to store the viable cells for subsequent attempts or procedures. This can avoid further surgery on the same patient. This demands the development of crypreservation methods for cells and tissues, involving a tissue bank (blood, skin, bones, cornea, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, etc.). Cryopreservation must be efficient for long periods of storage, since the frozen cells may be required years after the initial deposit. 

Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, Xue P, Macko C, Comblath DR, Gao CY, Yang C, Tian M, Mishu B, McKhann GM, Asbury AK (1995) Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern China The spectrum of neuropatho-logic changes in clinically defined cases. Brain 118 577-595. 

Bolt HM and Kiesswetter E 2002) Is multiple chemical sensitivity a clinically defined entity Toxicology Letters 128(1-3) 99-106. 

At times, people react acutely or chronically to unknown stimulants. In such cases, it is hypothesized that unidentified mixtures are often the causative agents. Such toxic mixtures can arise from mixtures of two or more household products as well as from the mixture of household chemicals with chemicals from foods, outdoor air pollutants, water pollutants, or industrial chemicals that are carried into the home on the clothing of workers. In many of these mixture exposure instances, the health effects cannot be attributed to any of the individual chemicals present, but produce distinct clinically defined symptoms. 

Individuals with chemical sensitivity, also referred to as chemical intolerance, are those who react adversely to low levels of chemicals that are tolerated by the general population. These include Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Fibromyalgia (FM), and Gulf War Syndrome (GWS). Each is a clinically defined condition that can give rise to chemical sensitivity, but there is, however, considerable comorbidity between them. Each is addressed individually, followed by a discussion of its similar responses to chemical stimuli. 

PCOS occurs in about 5% to 10% of premenopausal women and is thought to be caused by a hypothalamic disorder. PCOS is clinically defined by hyperandro-genism with chronic anovulation in women without underlying disease of the adrenal or pituitary glands. This syndrome is characterized by infertility, hirsutism, obesity (in approximately half of those affected), and various menstrual disturbances ranging from amenorrhea to irregular... 

Antibiotic Therapy in Prior Month Day 0 Clinically Defined Treatment Failure Day 3 Clinically Defined Treatment Failure Days 10 to 28... 

The variations in human metabolic profiles can seldom permit visual observations of meaningful metabolic deviations from the normal. However, large computer systems do have the general capability to extract the distinct features from large data sets, and reduce the bulk of data from capillary GC of numerous patients to a more easily understandable form. Precisely measured retention characteristics and the peak areas form the basis for such comparisons. Pattern recognition methods have been utilized to classify diabetic samples [169,170] and those of virus-infected patients [171] with the aid of training sets from clinically defined cases. In addition, the feature extraction approach [169,170] permits identification of important metabolite peaks in complex chromatograms. 

The inflammatory changes in the lungs begin within the first few hours following onset of the clinical risk for ARDS and evolve during the course of sustained ARDS. Studies using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have shown that cytokines and PMN are present in the BAL fluid of patients at risk who were studied soon after arrival at the hospital (14). The IL-8 concentration increased before PMN were detectable in BAL fluid. The PMN concentration in the BAL fluid increases dramatically at the onset of clinically defined ARDS and remains markedly elevated for the first 3 days. Thereafter, the PMN concentration tends... 

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