Emission allocation

Note that these incentives apply to methodologies at facility level. Where countries separate aggregate emission allocations from the way they are distributed between facilities, the incentive effects need to be distinguished. For example, taking account of recent emissions in setting aggregate national or sector caps may introduce no operational distortions if the allocations to individual facilities are done on an entirely different basis - but the disjuncture may exacerbate distributional tensions. 

The second method proposed, the change of regime method, was based on a closer tracking of power plant s emissions. Allocation would be based on plant capacity and on forecasts of both equivalent hours of operation and specific emission factor by technology mix (combination of technology and fuel type). More specifically allocation to plant n for the year t would be equal to the sum of two components ... 

Furthermore the total emissions in Europe have to be reduced by 1,74% every year until the end of the third trading campaign in 2020. A so-called cross-sectorial correction factor will be used which regulates the national allocation of the C02-emissions. Details about this factor are not yet published. Decisions will be expected in foe late fall this year regarding final national emission allocations. 

Fig. 6.7 CO2 emissions allocation for the maximum NPV configuration, minimum overall impact configuration, and minimum CO2 emissions configuration...

Both the wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive spectrometers are well suited for quaUtative analysis of materials. Each element gives on the average only six emission lines. Because the characteristic x-ray spectra are so simple, the process of allocating atomic numbers to the emission lines is relatively simple and the chance of making a gross error is small. 

The new Clean Air Act will result in a permanent 10 million ton reduction in sulfur dioxide (SOj) emissions from 1980 levels. To achieve this, EPA will allocate allowances of one ton of sulfur dioxide in two phases, The first phase, effective January 1, 1995, requires 110 powerplants to reduce their emissions to a level equivalent to the product of an emissions rate = (2,5 lbs of S02/mm Btu) x (the average mm Btu of their 1985-1987 fuel use). Plants that use certain control technologies to meet their Phase 1 reduction requirements may receive a two year extension of compliance until 1997. The new law also allows for a special allocation of 200,000 annual allowances per year each of the 5 years of Phase 1 to powerplants in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. 

Nationwide, plants that emit SO2 at a rate below 1.2 Ibs/mm Btu will be able to increase emissions by 20% between a baseline year and 2000. Bonus allowances will be distributed to accommodate growth by units in states with a statewide average below 0.8 Ibs/mm Btu. Plants experiencing increases in their utilization in the last five years also receive bonus allowances, 50,000 bonus allowances per year are allocated to plants in 10 mid western states that make reductions in Phase I. Plants that repower with a qualifying clean coal technology may receive a 4 year extension of the compliance date for Phase II emission limitations. 

Because dairy cows or calves are culled for meat production, four different methods to allocate the enviromnental emissions at the farm and outside the boimdary of the fluid milk supply chain may be used (Cederberg and Stadig, 2003). The allocation method assumes, (1) no allocation is used and only milk production impacts the enviromnent ... 

A tradable permit system is defined as quantity-based environmental policy instrument. The regulatory authority stipulates the allowable total amount of emissions (cap) and the right to emit becomes a tradable commodity. Under a cap-and-trade system, prices are allowed to fluctuate according to market forces. Thus, the price of emissions is established indirectly. Permits could be allocated to firms through auction or free allocation. 

Second, it is possible to establish an agreement that sets quantitative limits of emissions and allocates emission permits to firms (or States) but allows to trade among countries, in order to minimize abatement costs. The starting allocation of permits can be set through either an auction or a grandfather allocation. Under an auction, government (or the international community) sells the emission permits, whereas under the grandfather rule, the allocation of emission permits is based on historical records. 

LCI, where the system is quantified in a strict format of linked processes. Each process is described in terms of the physical inputs and outputs, both economic (raw materials, materials, products) and environmental (extractions from and emissions to the environment). Out of the total, an ecological profile is compiled listing and adding up all extractions and emissions of the system. An important methodological issue is allocation how to deal with multi-output processes This issue is especially important when dealing with waste management processes and will be dealt with below. 

Another LCI-related issue is allocation. This is especially relevant to waste treatment options when waste is recycled or used to generate energy, there is a multi-output process which needs to be dealt with. The waste then is no longer considered a waste, but a resource, and waste treatment is becoming a production process as well. What part of the emissions to allocate to the waste treatment service and what part to the secondary material or other co-product is then open to debate. ISO allows for various options. Whether additives are even visible in such processes is, again, doubtful. 

Even the use of chemical equipment and laboratories has an impact on society. Labs cost money to operate they need repairs equipment needs maintenance and spare parts. Chemicals must be properly shipped, stored, and disposed of. Lab emissions may foul the air, water, and land to a noticeable degree. The total research system—personnel, lab, equipment, and material—has economic and societal impacts. The allocation of funding, quality of laboratory safeguards, and emphasis on one research topic or another impact on both the scientific and non-scientific community and include societal factors. 

Although the ultimate source of much of particulate organic matter (POM) in the urban aerosol appears to be fossil fuel a specific knowledge of the amounts and classes of organic compounds contributed by various types of sources is lacking. Estimates of source contributions have been based on emission inventories which have been largely directed toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or benzo(a)pyrene. There has been very little work on the development of mathematical and statistical models for POM source identification and allocation (1). In view... 

Tradable quota systems for carbon emissions, where individuals are given an allocation of quota, do this for fossil fuel consumption (see policy C3 of the Green Party Manifesto for a Sustainable Society at http //policy.greenparty.org.uk/mfss (accessed November 2006) or the Tyndall Centre proposals for domestic tradable quotas (Starkey and Anderson, 2005). 

For ethylene, similar data could be constructed from either an average of ethylene producers in this geography or on-site naphtha crackers. In certain cases, databases exist for certain commonly used compounds. In other cases, data are unavailable and estimates have to be made. In case of plants that produce more than one product, the total emissions are allocated proportionally to their sales. 

ALLOCATIONS, INCENTIVES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS UNDER THE EU EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME... 

Like any market, price is central and the key to prices is scarcity. The most fundamental difference between emissions trading and any normal market is that the amount available depends directly on government decisions about allocations. Recent events have underlined the need for robust allocation as the system moves into the Kyoto phase, and investors are already starting to look beyond that to the post-2012 period. Yet governments also have a duty not to undermine the competitiveness of their industries, and there are fears that the two aims could conflict. 

Allocation and competitiveness in the EU emissions trading scheme policy overview... 

The European emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) has an efficient and effective market design that risks being undermined by three interrelated problems the approach to allocation the absence of a credible commitment to post-2012 continuation and concerns about its impact on the international competitiveness of key sectors. This special issue of Climate Policy explores these three factors in depth. This policy overview summarizes key insights from the individual studies in this issue, and draws overall policy conclusions about the next round of allocations and the design of the system for the longer term. 

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