Elements of the Safety System

When we look at the reason why an incident occurs, we must look at some key elements and the interaction between these elements  

Equipment. The types of equipment that an injured employee was working with, its production and maintenance requirements, its layout in the work area, and its hazards and the methods of controlling them could all be clues in the investigation— for example, guarding, noise reduction, or controls of hazardous material. 

Environment. Environmental aspects may include noise lighting housekeeping work inside versus outside fumes or vapors exhaust systems production pressures or stress created by the job, such as manual work versus office work, night work versus day work, weekend work, or long work days (12 hours). 

People. We must explore the physical task demands of the job, such as lifting, bending, twisting the level of training and skill of the employee and his or her current emotional state. 

Management. When we investigate an incident, the purpose is to identify the root cause of the incident as it relates to as many of the key elements as possible. We are looking at the adequacy and effectiveness of the management system. 

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Conduct 6-monthly audits using all elements of the safety system. 

Having standards for each element of the safety system means that safety issues are documented and the requirements are clearly spelled out. Both managers and employees prefer safety directives and policies in writing so that expectations at all levels are clearly spelled out. Safety standards commit the organization and its members to carry out certain safety activities on a regular basis, and who must perform the activity and what the required result is are clearly laid out in the standard. Having committed the organization and its members to specific standards creates the foundation of the company s safety culture—its safety personality. 

Every element of the safety system forms a building block of a strong safety culture. The system demands action and reaction in terms of safety, and these actions become integrated into the day-to-day activities of the plant or mine, and this culmination of actions, activities, and norms is the safety culture. The requiraneut of the structured safety system creates and maintains safety culture. 

For each fact, develop a list of questions that you would like to have answered. Use questions that ask Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How. Keep in mind the five elements of the safety system People, Machine, Materials, Method, and/or Environment. 

While event trees and fault trees provide valuable graphical representations of event sequences, the events themselves, and the scenarios in which they occur, would be analysed by examining each element of the safety system and its interdependences and assessing what could go wrong. There are... 

It must be kept in mind that the work environment is not static and conditions change as new technology, procedures, etc. are introduced. Without a JHA process that routinely reviews the components and elements of the safety system, one may find that there may be misalignment of the required interactions that hide or mask hazards and associated risk. 

Y is a function and outcome of X.). These are several Six Sigma-related tools that can be used. These tools look at the relationships between elements of the safety system process. If a risk guidance card is used, does it impact on the avoidance, reduction, and control of hazards If no relationship can be defined, then the use of the risk card must be further reviewed (Chapter 7). 

LESF (Figure 3.4.5-5), exemplified for the large LOCA, is compared with SELF. Event tree headings are the refueling water storage tank (RWST) a passive component, an engineered safety system (SA-1) and four elements of the containment system. Other examples of the LESF method show human error in the event tree while the criteria for system success is usually in the tan It tree analysis. 

The criteria and procedural methods for characterising substances with regard to their hazardous characteristics and risk characterisation are harmonised in Europe. There also exists a common European system for the classification and labelhng of hazardous substances and for safety data sheets. Officially harmonised classifications also exist for around 3000 substances. The individual elements of the current system as well as its weaknesses are to be explained in the following section. 

The technical paper described the interlock testing program to consist of more than merely verifying that the interlock works. There is also inspection of the interlock equipment for deterioration. The function test on instrumentation is required following mechanical work on one or more of the safety system elements. In short, all devices or systems that have been disturbed enough to affect their normal function will be function tested prior to being restored to service. [26]... 

The defined top hazard of the safety system is developed into the hazard of the lower layer step by step. And finally, the bottom hazard elements are extracted and identified in details. 

But, I need to say that emphasis on some of the safety system elements has varied over the past few years. For instance, we had a strong push for a while to overcome our ergonomics risks, and we ve come a long way. Now, we re concenuating on what we know to be the improvement needed in our accident investigation process, and on our high-risk jobs. 

Formulate action plans for the implementation of the safety system elements... 

Be responsible and accountable for maintaining the safety element files. Must be knowledgeable and proficient on all aspects of the safety system. Coordinate the design and participate as a resource in safety committee meetings. 

Chlorinated solvents are generally highly volatile and vents or relief systems are an essential element of the safety for storage of these chemicals. In particular a vapour return line should be fitted between the storage tank and the tank or vehicle under discharge. The storage tank should also be fitted with a vent or relief system. Chlorinated solvents can hydrolyse in the presence of water and therefore the vent should be fitted with an air dryer. 

An element of the facility system safety effort not found in MIL-STD-882B and not typical of other programs is the control rating code (CRC). 

The next section briefly discusses the relevant elements of the safety and environmental management system (SEMS) regulations for offshore oil and gas operations. 

The safety systems and their elements embody redundancy and diversity, through the use of different operating principles in different systems, to provide functional and physical in-depth protection of the reactor. Complete passivity of the safety systems is attained through the wide use of self-actuated devices for the initiation of the systems at deviation of the most important process parameters beyond the set limits. 

Risk assessment procedures in health and safety are legal requirements in most countries and also essential elements of the safety management systems, being they certified or not. In formal risk assessments, the risks are fisted based on their priority in terms of severity and likelihood of the possible accident. In spite of the fact that there is a subjective element involved in such estimation, the process will yield a rational basis for decisions to act on hazards encountered. Further, the follow-up assessments are giving estimates of residual risks for those risks counteracted, to complete the prevention with additional measures where needed. 

Abstract The aim of this study was to review the Finnish investigation procedme for fatal accidents and to analyse four actual fatal accidents related to the transport of hazardous liquids, especially to service operations after the miloading phase. Content analysis was applied to identify the accident factors from the investigation reports. The accident factors were classified into two main classes, in which the factors related to safety cultore and safely attitudes were discussed. The accident factors were also considered according to five elements of the work system model. Finally, as in the Finnish investigation procedure, the prevention measures of accidents were presented in condensed form. 

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