Safety systems elements

System safety is effectively a risk management process that deals on hazards, potential mishaps, and risk. System safety is involved in many different aspects of system/product development however, it is structured around the six core elements that form the system safety process. These six elements are the building blocks that shape a foundation for the SSP. Rgure 2.87 shows the core system safety elements and their interrelatedness. This viewpoint shows the core process as a sequence of tasks however, in reality, they are quasi-sequential steps as the process has many iterations and interrelationships. 

Hazard Analysis Risk Assessment System Safety Elements Safety Integrity Requirements System Integrity Levels System Validation Retro-fitting Documentation... 

Swain, A.D. (1974), The Human Element in Systems Safety a guide for modern management. InComtec Ltd., Camberley. 

Recommendation 8-8. The Department of Energy s research and development program should involve safety elements of the nuclear-chemical integrated system and aim to establish guidelines to arrest accident propagation from one part of the system to another. 

Metrics should relate to the elements of the process safety system. Poorly selected metrics that do not specifically relate to the execution of process safety elements will not provide an accurate evaluation of process safety system performance. Occupational injury and illness reporting rates are sometimes used to judge overall safety performance, and this metric does track the incidence of employee injuries quite well. However, this rate does not reflect the effectiveness of the process safety system. Occupational safety is quite important to the health and well-being of employees, but the metrics involved in assessing the occupational safety performance are not appropriate for process safety system evaluation the detailed elements of a process safety program differ markedly fl-om an occupational safety program (as discussed in Chapter 3). 

The metrics of interest for the process safety professional will cover many, if not all, process safety elements. The inputs may come from a number of units across a plant site or from multiple plant sites around the world. Design and development of the reporting system needs to take into account all these factors. 

The quality (or state) of system safety and efficiency is determined by all the elements of the system and its environment converging. For instance, if your hydrogen unit will be in a submarine, different considerations come into play than if it will be in a factory setting. The environments are different, and certain space, safety and other factors are very important in one setting while they may not be relevant another. Designing a hydrogen system requires a holistic approach. You should always design a system with careful consideration of the conditions of its external environmental. 

To avoid any contact with the dangerous chemical vinylchloride (cancerogenic) closed-reactor systems became standard and pumpable initiators for automatic dosing were preferred. These can be liquid or solvent-diluted initiators as well as emulsions in water or suspensions of solid initiators in water. The dilution is a safety element to enable proper handling in addition to the fact that most initiators need cooling to avoid decomposition (Table 3). 

As every loss event results from the interactions of elements in a system, it follows that all safety is system safety [p. 12]. 

As every loss event results from the interactions of elements in a system, it follows that all safety is systems safety . The safety community instinctively welcomed the systems concept when it appeared during the stagnating performance of the mid-1960s, as evidenced by the ensuing freshet of symposia and literature. For a time, it was thought that this seeutingly novel approach could reestablish the continuing improvement that the public had become accustomed to however, this anticipation has not been fulfilled. 

A safety management system is defined as ongoing activities and efforts directed to control accidental losses by monitoring critical safety elements on an ongoing basis. The monitoring includes the promotion, improvement, and auditing of the critical elements regularly. 

Critical safety elements are elements including environmental and employee factors that need to be controlled constantly to prevent accidental losses from occurring. The safety management system should contain some 70 key areas that need to be controlled. They include items such as safety training, safe work procedures, management involvement, energy and chemical control systems, and housekeeping. These are critical safety system elements. 

There are usually between 60 and 80 critical safety activities (elements) that mnst be controlled to constitnte an effective safety system. These elements may vary from organization to organization and from industry to industry. The emphasis on individual elements will also vary according to the nature of the process, culture of the workforce, and category of business, such as mining, the iron and steel industry, transportation, the fishing industry, manufacturing, etc. 

Falling under these five main sections are 73 safety system (control) elements, which constitute the basis of a safety and health management system. The elements contain minimum standards for compliance to each element as well as minimum standard details, which break the element into further achievable and measurable objectives. 

Be responsible and accountable for maintaining the safety element files. Must be knowledgeable and proficient on all aspects of the safety system. Coordinate the design and participate as a resource in safety committee meetings. 

From the societal viewpoint the critical infrastructure there are mutually interconnected networks and systems that include the identified sectors and institutions (including humans and procedures) that provide the reliable flow of products and services substantive for defence and economic safety, that is understood as the state capability to compete on global markets while there are on acceptable level the real public incomes and the public administration functions on each society levels (Moteff et al. 2003). It means that the critical infrastructure is a set of partial infrastructures from different sectors of a human system (see e.g. act No. 183/2006 Col.), that are composed of physical elements and of processes that used these elements for fulfilment of the tasks of each partial infrastructure. A functionality of this set of partial infrastructures predetermines the human system safety (Prochazkova 2007a). It is caused by a fact that to economic safety there are joined the other ones (Moteff et al. 2003), the physical safety that is connected with risks caused from disasters of all kinds and the cyber safety that is connected with the disasters affecting the computer networks. Individual items o f each infrastructure according to this work are subdivided to elements and typical processes as there are the distribution, storage, payments, recycling, data transfer, transport etc. 

Name two quality assurance program elements and explain their interface with system safety. 

Fourth, at times some elements of the system safety community have tended to operate out of ivory towers, with narrow concepts and inadequate attention to two of the most valuable sources of information available end users and the rest of the safety community. 

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