Electrothermal atomic absorption determination

Stevens, B.J. (1984). Electrothermal atomic absorption determination of aluminium in tissues dissolved in tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, Clin. Chem., 30, 745-747. 

Miscellaneous. Trace analyses have been performed for a variety of other materials. Table 9 Hsts some uses of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (etaas) for determination of trace amounts of elements in a variety of matrices. The appHcations of icp /ms to geological and biological materials include the following (165) ... 

INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF ASCORBIC ACID BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY... 

COMPARISON OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN SOIL SAMPLES BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY AFTER PHASE SEPARATION-EXTRACTION... 

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

Xu Y, Liang Y. 1997. Combined nickel and phosphate modifier for lead determination in water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12(4) 471-474. 

Shijo et al. [95] converted bismuth in seawater into its dithiocarbamate complex, and then extracted the complex into xylene prior to determination in amounts down to 0.3 ppt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Zeeman background correction was used by Zhang et al. [141] for the determination of cadmium in seawater. Citric acid was used as an organic matrix modifier and was found to be more effective than EDTA or ascorbic acid. The organic matrix modifier reduced the interferences from salts and other trace metals and gave a linear calibration curve for cadmium at concentrations < 1.6 pg/1. The method has a limit of detection of 0.019 pg/1 of cadmium and recoveries of 95-105% at the 0.2 pg of cadmium level. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry has been used to determine caesium in seawater. The method uses preliminary chromatographic separation on a strong cation exchange resin, ammonium hexcyanocobalt ferrate, followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is convenient, versatile, and reliable, although decomposition products from the exchanger, namely iron and cobalt, can cause interference. 

To determine down to 2.4 xmol/l of copper in seawater, Nishoika et al. [282] complexed the copper with di-ethyl-dithio carbamate, precipitated with ferric hydroxide, filtered off and dissolved the precipitate with nitric acid, and determined copper by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

In order to overcome the problem of the high nonspecific absorption, alternative procedures have been tested, which involve prior separation of the trace metals from the salt matrix. Examples of extraction of trace metals from seawater as chelates with subsequent determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric procedures have been described [381,382], but these and similar methods are seldom effective and satisfactory when the matrix is very complex and the analyte concentration very low. 

Nishioka et al. [525] coprecipitated nickel from seawater with sodium di-ethyldithiocarbamate, filtered, and redissolved the precipitate with nitric acid followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotography determination of the nickel. The detection limit was 0.5 p,g/l and the relative standard deviation was 13.2% at the 2 ig/l level. 

Bermejo-Barrera et al. [557] have described an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of silver at the ppb level in seawater. 

Jin [666] used ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to determine lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt, tin, and molybdenum in seawater. 

Chakraborti et al. [665] determined cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and lead in seawater by chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate from a 500 ml sample, extraction into carbon tetrachloride, evaporation to dryness, and redissolution in nitric acid prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in amounts ranging from 10 pg (cadmium) to 250 pg (nickel). 

Cimadevilla et al. [691] compared wall, platform, and graphite furnace probe atomisation techniques in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of ig/l levels of silver, cadmium, and lead in seawater. 

Chang et al. [952] used a miniature column packed with a chelating resin and an automatic online preconcentration system for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to determine cadmium, cobalt, and nickel in seawater. Detection limits of 0.12,7 and 35 ng/1 were achieved for cadmium, cobalt, and nickel, respectively, with very small sample volume required (400-1800 xl). 

Batley [28] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in estuary water. These included anodic stripping voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen and in situ electrodeposition on mercury coated graphite tubes. Batley [28] found that in situ deposition of lead and cadmium on a mercury coated tube was the more versatile technique. The mercury film, deposited in the laboratory, is stable on the dried tubes which are used later for field electrodeposition. The deposited metals were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Hasle and Abdullah [29] used differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in speciation studies on dissolved copper, lead, and cadmium in coastal sea water. 

Zhe-Ming et al. [142] have described a method for the determination of down to lmg kgy1 of bismuth in river sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with low temperature atomization in argon hydrogen (90 10). 

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

G. Cobo, M. Gomez, C. Camara, M.A. Palacios, Determination of fluoride in complex liquid matrices by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with in-furnace oxygen-assisted ashing, Mikrochim. Acta 110 (1993) 103-110. 

M. Felipe-Sotelo, A. Carlosena, J. M Andrade, E. Fernandez, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui and D. Prada, Development of a slurry-extraction procedure for direct determination of cobalt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in complex environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 522(2), 2004, 259-266. 

M. V. Reboucas, S. L. C. Ferreira and B. De-Barros-Neto, Arsenic determination in naphtha by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration using multiple injections, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18(10), 2003, 1267-1273. 

S. Salomon, P. Giamarchi and A. Le-Bihan, Desirability approach for optimisation of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry factors in iron determinations, Analusis, 28(7), 2000, 575-586. 

I. Arambarri, R. Garcia and E. Millan, Optimisation of tin determination in aqua regia-HF extracts from sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using experimental design. Analyst, 125(11), 2000, 2084-2088. 

M. B. Arain, T. G. Kazi, M. K. Jamali, N. Jalbani, H. I. Afridi, R. A. Sarfraz and A. Q. Shah, Determination of toxic elements in muscle tissues of five fish species using ultrasound-assisted pseudodigestion by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry optimisation study, Spectrosc. Lett., 40(6), 2007, 861-878. 

J. C. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. Barciela-Garcia, C. Herrero-Latorre, S. Garcia-Martin and R. M. Pena-Crecente, Direct and combined methods for the determination of chromium, copper and nickel in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(17), 2005, 6616-6623. 

C. Moscoso-Perez, J. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui, E. Fernandez-Fernandez and D. Prada-Rodriguez, Bismuth determination in environmental samples by hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 1(5), 2003, 633-642. 

S. A. Pergantis, W. R. Cullen and A. P. Wade, Simplex optimisation of conditions for the determination of arsenic in environmental samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 41(2), 1994, 205-209. 

E. I. Vereda Alonso, L. P. Gil, M. T. Siles Cordero, A. Garcia de Torres and J. M. Cano Pavon, Automatic on-line column preconcentration system for determination of cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, 2001, 293-295. 

B. S. Iversen, A. Panayi, J. P. Camblor and E. Sabbioni, Simultaneous determination of cobalt and manganese in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption specttrometry. Method development using a simplex optimisation approach, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11(8), 1996, 591-594. 

S. Ch. Nielsen, S. Sturup, H. Spliid and E. H. Hansen, Selective flow injection analysis of ultra-trace amounts of Cr(VI), preconcentration of it by solvent extraction and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Talanta, 49(5), 1999, 1027-1044. 

M. Felipe-Sotelo, J. M. Andrade, A. Carlosena and D. Prada, Partial least squares multivariate regression as an alternative to handle interferences of Fe on the determination of trace Cr in water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 75, 2003, 5254 5261. 

An A AS method is employed for the determination of lead (Pb) in a sample of adulterated paprika by the introduction of lead oxide (of the same colour). An electrothermal atomic absorption instrument that provides a background correction based upon the Zeeman effect is used. 

Using palladium-magnesium nitrate mixtures as chemical modifiers, Hinds and Jackson [114] effectively delayed the atomisation of lead until atomic absorption spectrometer furnace conditions were nearly isothermal. This technique was used to determine lead in soil slurries. Zhang et al. [115] investigated the application of low-pressure electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to the determination of lead in soils. 

---