Determination bismuth

Jeronimo P., Araujo A., Montenegro M., Satinsky D., Solich P., Colorimetric bismuth determination in pharmaceuticals using a xylenol orange sol-gel sensor coupled to a multicommutated flow system, Anal. Chim. Acta. 2004 504 235-241. 

Du and Wang [457] have developed a method for bismuth determination, based on good electrochemical properties of gold electrode covered with underpotentially deposited Bi. In this method, Bi was preconcentrated at the Au surface and this step was followed by anodic stripping. 

C. Moscoso-Perez, J. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui, E. Fernandez-Fernandez and D. Prada-Rodriguez, Bismuth determination in environmental samples by hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 1(5), 2003, 633-642. 

Elements other than Pb have been measured by TIMS in polar snow (43, 49, 50, 53), showing the high potential of the technique. Bismuth determination (43) is characterized an accuracy comparable to that of LEAFS and takes advantage of the simultaneous ionisation of Bi and Pb during the Pb isotopic abundance measurements. Determination of Ba was also carried out on some Antarctic samples (53) showing its possible use as a reference element in monitoring the contribution of terrestrial dust level. 

A review of bismuth determination methods has been published [14]. 

For bismuth, determine by the general method for the determination of bismuth, p. 127, using 2 g of powdered lozenges. 

The actual structure at a vapor-liquid interface can be probed with x-rays. Rice and co-workers [72,73,117] use x-ray reflection to determine the composition perpendicular to the surface and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction to study the transverse structure of an interface. In a study of bismuth gallium mixtures. 

Getting I 1998 New determination of the bismuth l-ll equilibrium pressure—a proposed modification to the practical pressure scale Metroiogica 35 119... 

PAM,. spectropliotoniciric dctcrniination of vanadium photometric dctenniiiation of niobium in the presence of trietlianolamine spectrophotomelric determination of bismuth in the presence of 1,3-diphenylguanidinc spectrophotometric determination of yttrium in the presence of Ttephiramine formation constants of mmplexes with Hoflll) measured... 

Radiopaque materials are used to determine the location of aspirated dentures and fragments (205,206). Opacifying additives include barium sulfate, barium fluoride, barium or bismuth glasses, and brominated organic monomers and polymers. The incorporation of these additives into the resin base or tooth can adversely affect physical properties. Radiopaque materials meeting the requirement for ANSI/ADA specifications for denture-base polymer have been described (207). 

A novel sensitive and seleetive adsorptive stripping proeedure for simultaneous determination of eopper, bismuth and lead is presented. The method is based on the adsorptive aeeumulation of thymolphetalexone (TPN) eomplexes of these elements onto a hanging mereury drop eleetrode, followed by reduetion of adsorbed speeies by voltammetrie sean using differential pulse modulation. The optimum analytieal eonditions were found to be TPN eoneentration of 4.0 p.M, pH of 9.0, and aeeumulation potential at -800 mV vs. Ag/AgCl with an aeeumulation time of 80 seeonds. The peak eurrents ai e proportional to the eoneentration of eopper, bismuth and lead over the 0.4-300, 1-200 and 1-100 ng mL ranges with deteetion limits of 0.4, 0.8 and 0.7 ng mL respeetively. The proeedure was applied to the simultaneous determination of eopper, bismuth and lead in real and synthetie samples with satisfaetory results. 

The best known of the M/Mfiy electrodes that are used for the determination of pH are the Sb/SbjOj electrodes, but metals such as bismuth and arsenic filmed with their respective oxide act in a similar manner. Copper in alkaline solutions appears to behave as a pH-dependent Cu/CujO,... 

Perhaps the most obvious metallic property is reflectivity or luster. With few exceptions (gold, copper, bismuth, manganese) all metals have a silvery white color which results from reflecting all frequencies of light. We have said previously that the electron configuration of a substance determines the way in which it interacts with light. Apparently the characteristic reflectivity of metals indicates that all metals have a special type of electron configuration in common. 

Bromopyrogallol red. This metal ion indicator is dibromopyrogallol sulphon-phthalein and is resistant to oxidation it also possesses acid-base indicator properties. The indicator is coloured orange-yellow in strongly acidic solution, claret red in nearly neutral solution, and violet to blue in basic solution. The dyestuff forms coloured complexes with many cations. It is valuable for the determination, for example, of bismuth (pH = 2-3. nitric acid solution endpoint blue to claret red). 

DETERMINATION OF BISMUTH. CADMIUM AND LEAD IN A MIXTURE ANALVSIS OF A LOW-MELTING ALLOT 10.70... 

Comparatively large amounts of nitric acid, and also zinc, cadmium, bismuth, tin, and arsenate have no effect upon the determination the method may therefore be applied to determine copper in brass. 

Determination of bismuth as oxyiodide Discussion. The cold bismuth solution, weakly acid with nitric acid, is treated with an excess of potassium iodide when Bil3 and some K[BiI4] are formed ... 

Determination of copper as copper(I) thiocyanate Discussion. This is an excellent method, since most thiocyanates of other metals are soluble. Separation may thus be effected from bismuth, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, tin, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and zinc. The addition of 2-3 g of tartaric acid is desirable for the prevention of hydrolysis when bismuth, antimony, or tin is present. Excessive amounts of ammonium salts or of the thiocyanate precipitant should be absent, as should also oxidising agents the solution should only be slightly acidic, since the solubility of the precipitate increases with decreasing pH. Lead, mercury, the precious metals, selenium, and tellurium interfere and contaminate the precipitate. 

Determination of silver as chloride Discussion. The theory of the process is given under Chloride (Section 11.57). Lead, copper(I), palladium)II), mercury)I), and thallium)I) ions interfere, as do cyanides and thiosulphates. If a mercury(I) [or copper(I) or thallium(I)] salt is present, it must be oxidised with concentrated nitric acid before the precipitation of silver this process also destroys cyanides and thiosulphates. If lead is present, the solution must be diluted so that it contains not more than 0.25 g of the substance in 200 mL, and the hydrochloric acid must be added very slowly. Compounds of bismuth and antimony that hydrolyse in the dilute acid medium used for the complete precipitation of silver must be absent. For possible errors in the weight of silver chloride due to the action of light, see Section 11.57. 

In a similar determination described by Lingane and Jones,11 an alloy containing copper, bismuth, lead, and tin is dissolved in hydrochloric acid as described above, and then 100 mL of sodium tartrate solution (0.1 M) is added, followed by sufficient sodium hydroxide solution (5M) to adjust the pH to 5.0. After the addition of hydrazinium chloride (4 g), the solution is warmed to 70 °C and then electrolysed. Copper is deposited at —0.3 volt, and then sequentially, bismuth at —0.4 volt, and lead at —0.6 volt all cathode potentials quoted are vs the S.C.E. After deposition of the lead, the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid and the tin then deposited at a cathode potential of — 0.65 volt vs the S.C.E. 

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