Electrostatic interactions forces between charged surfaces

Apparently, mechanisms of low-salinity waterflooding are related to the DLVO theory, which is named after Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek. The theory describes the force between charged surfaces interacting through a liquid medium. It combines the effects of the van der Waals attraction and the electrostatic repulsion due to the so-called double layer of counter ions. 

The most frequent type of interaction between solid and species in solution would be electrostatic adsorption (ion exchange), due to the action of attractive coulomb forces between charged particles in solution and the solid surfaces. This process would also be concentration dependent. 

Electrostatic interactions occur between the ionic head groups of the surfactant and the oppositely charged solid surface (head down adsorption with monolayer structure) [56]. Acid-base interactions occur due to hydrogen bonding or Lewis acid-Lewis base reactions between solid surface and surfactant molecules (head down with monolayer structure) [57]. Polarisation of jt electrons occurs between the surfactant head group which has electron-rich aromatic nuclei and the positively charged solid surface (head down with monolayer structure) [58]. Dispersion forces occur due to London-van der Waals forces between the surfactant molecules and the solid surface (hydrophobic tail lies flat on the hydrophobic solid surface while hydrophilic head orients towards polar liquid) [59]. 

Electrostatic forces refer to the interactive forces between the electric charges of tip and sample. The charges can be easily trapped at a sample surface and at a tip if they are insulated. 

The presence of a long-chain alcohol at the oil-water interface decreases the electrostatic repulsion force between the charged emulsifier molecules, which enhances the density of the droplet surface layer and probably promotes the formation of an interfacial complex film. The existence of the hydrophobic tail of coemulsifier retards the molecular diffusion of coemulsifier into the aqueous phase, but promotes the interaction between the hydrophobic tail of coemulsifi-... 

Surface forces also include electrostatic interaction forces arising from the overlap of the double layers (DL) of a particle and a bubble, which usually have equal charges (Huddleston Smith 1975), i.e., the electrostatic component of the disjoining pressure of an interlayer between them (Derjaguin 1934), which may be positive. In the case of large particles, the positive disjoining pressure of the double layer is overcome by an inertia impact on the bubble surface. The small particles do not undergo such an impact the approach occurs in an inertialess way and can be hampered by electrostatic repulsion (second peculiarity). 

This force spectroscopy approach has found application ranging from mapping effect of varying ionic strength on the interactions between charged surfaces [230-245], to studying electrostatic forces at crystal surfaces [246,247],... 

Since the beginning of colloids science, however it is also known that the agglomeration of colloids and dispersed particles can be prevented or controlled by stabilization [8]. The attractive interactions between the colloidal particles, caused by van-der-Waals forces, need to be compensated by repulsive interactions. The latter can be based either on electrostatic repulsion due to same-sign surface charges (electrostatic stabilization), or on repulsion via a polymer shell formed through adsorption of polymers to the particle surface (steric stabilization, in presence of polyelectrolytes termed electrosteric stabilization due to additional charged-induced repulsion) [9, 10]. The stabilization by control of the interaction forces between colloidal particles has been in the focus of extensive research efforts. Already... 

There are three broad types of intermolecular forces of adhesion and cohesion (7) quantum mechanical forces, pure electrostatic forces, and polarization forces. Quantum mechanical forces account for covalent bonding. Pure electrostatic interactions include Coulomb forces between charged ions, permanent dipoles, and quadrupoles. Polarization forces arise from dipole moments induced by the electric fields of nearby charges and other permanent and induced dipoles. Ideally, the forces involved in the interaction at a release interface must be the weakest possible. These are the polarization forces known as London or dispersion forces that arise from interactions of temporary dipoles caused by fluctuations in electron density. They are common to all matter and their energies range from 0.1 to 40 kJ/mol. Solid surfaces with the lowest dispersion-force interactions are those that comprise aliphatic hydrocarbons, and fluorocarbons, and that is why such materials dominate the classification table (Table 1) and the surface energy table (Table 2). 

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