Films complexes, interfacial

Electrochemical-SPR is also a powerful tool for monitoring the build-up of complex interfacial architecmres along with an in situ electrochemical characterization. For surface-attached biomembrane mimicks, SPR combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is well established. ESPR has often been applied to study the formation and the properties of thin films and mono/multi-... 

In this paper, we will address the complex issue of the mechanical determination of Tg at surfaces of thick bulk-like, as well as interfacially confined ultrathin polymer films. First, we will show that the pressure exerted by the tip does not affect the glass transition. Then, we will introduce a novel contact mechanical technique to determine the Tg of thin films, shear modulation SPM. Finally we will present Tg results on films where interfacial interactions, remaining stress and conformational changes, formed during film preparation, alter the bulk Tg. 

Figure 8.16 Hypothetical structure of a molecular complexed interfacial film at a propellant water interface. From Sanders [90]. The oriented liquid crystal nature of molecular complexes with their attendant layers of oriented water molecules suggests that the interfacial region around an emulsified propellant droplet can be viewed as consisting of alternating shells of oriented water and molecular complex molecules. The propellant interface would consist of a monolayer of adsorbed molecular complex molecules with the polar heads oriented towards an adjacent hydration layer. The hydration layer of water molecules in turn would be surrounded with a bimolecular shell of complex molecules with the polar heads on one side of the shell oriented towards the inner hydration layer and the polar heads on the other side oriented towards an outer hydration shell. This configuration of alternating layers of oriented water and bimolecular complex molecules would extend into the bulk phase with diminishing orientation until it disappeared. ...

Effective area should not be confused with wetted area. While film flow of liquid across the packing surface is a contributor, effective area includes also contribiidons from rivulets, drippings, and gas bubbles. Because of this complex physical picture, effecdve interfacial area is difficnlt to measure directly. 

In this chapter, the motivations to adopt MLR systems for optical e-beam, x-ray, and ion-beam lithographic systems will be given, followed by a survey of published MLR systems. Specific practical considerations such as planarization, pinhole and additive defects, interfacial layer, etch residue, film stress, interference effects, spectral transmission, inspection and resist stripping will be discussed. The MLR systems will be compared in terms of resolution, aspect ratio, sensitivity, process complexity and cost. 

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