Electroconvulsive therapy administration

Electroconvulsive therapy Administration of electric current to the brain through electrodes placed on the head in order to induce seizure activity in the brain, used in the treatment of certain mental disorders. 

Electroconvulsive therapy Avo 6 concurrent administration with electroconvulsive therapy because of the absence of experience in this area. 

Smith DF Lithium attenuates clonidine-induced hypoactivity further studies in in-bred mouse strains. Psychopharmacology 94 428-430, 1988 Smith DF, Amdisen A Lithium distribution in rat brain after long-term central administration by minipump. J Pharm Pharmacol 33 805-806, 1981 Smith J, Williams K, Birkett S, et al Neuroendocrine and clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy and their relationship to treatment outcome. Psychol Med 24 547-555, 1994... 

When the results from several studies are converted into similar units, a simple inspection of a graph or table readily reveals which studies have different outcomes from the majority. Such discrepancies can also be examined by a variety of statistical indices. For example, one can calculate a statistical index of homogeneity, remove the most discrepant study, and recalculate, revealing that all but one study is homogenous. If two studies are discrepant, one could remove both and again reexamine the indices of homogeneity, and so on. For an example, we summarize the relative efficacy of unilateral nondominant versus bilateral electrode placement for the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Here, 10 studies had one result, and two others a different outcome (see Table 8-10 and Table 8-11, in Chapter 8). 

Somatic therapies have had a long and at times dubious history in the treatment of mental disorders. Clearly, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has stood the test of time but has also been plagued by problems in terms of misuse, underuse, a complicated administration process, cognitive adverse effects, and a negative public image. Even so, ECT remains the most effective treatment for some of the most severely ill, medication-refractory, or medication-intolerant patients, often proving to be lifesaving (1). 

Another source of evidence supporting the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression comes from studies of the direct effects of BDNF on emotional regulation. Direct infusion of BDNF into the midbrain, hippocampus, and lateral ventricles of rodents has an antidepressant-like effect in animal models. Moreover, all known classes of antidepressants are associated with an increase in BDNF levels in animal models with chronic (but not acute) administration. This increase in BDNF levels is consistently associated with increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus in these animal models. Other interventions thought to be effective in the treatment of major depression, including electroconvulsive therapy, also appear to robustly stimulate BDNF levels and hippocampus neurogenesis in animal models. 

DNLM 1. United States. Food and Drug Administration. 2. Mental Disorders—therapy—United States. 3. Brain Damage, Chronic—etiology— United States. 4. Drug Industry—United States. 5. Electroconvulsive Therapy—adverse effects—United States. 6. Psychotropic Drugs—adverse effects—United States. WM 400 B833b 2008]... 

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)— Administration of a low dose electric current to the head in conjunction with muscle relaxantsto produce convulsions. A treatment method whose underlying action is still not fully understood, it has proven effective in relieving symptoms of some severe psychiatric disorders for which no other treatment has been effective, for example, severe depression. 

Flurothyl produces both clonic and tonic convulsions in experimental laboratory animals. It is frequently employed as an alternative for electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of mental disorders. An inhalation or parenteral administration usually helps in the onset of action within 15 to 20 seconds, the initial myoclonic convulsions are immediately followed by a violent tonic phase which lasts from 3 0 to 90 seconds. 

Dillard M, Webb J. Administration of succit lcholine for electroconvulsive therapy after organophosphate poisoning a case study. AANA J (1999) 67,513-17. 

In 1938, Ugo Gerletti and Lucino Bini introduced a technique called electroconvulsive therapy (EGT), which induced seizures electrically it quickly became the preferred method of treatment for mental illness. In its earliest applications, EGT was highly traumatic for patients it elicited a full-blown seizure that could result in broken bones, muscle tears, and permanent memory loss. The threat, or actual administration, of EGT was commonly used to punish or control patients. In modern psychiatry, EGT is administered with a protocol that minimizes trauma, injury, and memory loss, and it is considered a proven, effective treatment for patients with intractable depression and those who cannot take medication because of medical conditions or pregnancy. 

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