Emotion regulation

Unipolar and bipolar depressive disorders in children and adolescents are serious conditions. The pathophysiology of these disorders is poorly understood. The new tools available through neuroimaging techniques will help to unravel the neuroanatomical systems involved in the onset and recurrence of these disorders. There is a need for more developmentally informed predinical research and more studies of the normal development of the neural systems implicated in emotional regulation. 

Davidson, R.J., Putnam, K.M., and Larson, C.L. (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—a possible prelude to violence. Science 289(5479) 591-594. 

Another source of evidence supporting the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression comes from studies of the direct effects of BDNF on emotional regulation. Direct infusion of BDNF into the midbrain, hippocampus, and lateral ventricles of rodents has an antidepressant-like effect in animal models. Moreover, all known classes of antidepressants are associated with an increase in BDNF levels in animal models with chronic (but not acute) administration. This increase in BDNF levels is consistently associated with increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus in these animal models. Other interventions thought to be effective in the treatment of major depression, including electroconvulsive therapy, also appear to robustly stimulate BDNF levels and hippocampus neurogenesis in animal models. 

The most frequently cited possible cause of mental illnesses is an abnormal hyperactivity of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the brain. Neuroleptics inhibit dopamine nerve transmission in the frontal lobes and in the limbic system—the emotion-regulating brain structures. Inhibiting this portion of the brain causes diffuse CNS depression and disrupts an individual s behavior entirely—reducing psychotic thoughts, perceptions, and agitation. 

Field T. The effects of mothers physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1994 59 208-277. 

Health care demands both the suppression and expression of emotion and skills to know and manage feelings appropriately (Ovretveit, 2001). Emotional regulation in the workplace has been termed emotional labor and is particularly important to health care professionals. Emotional labor is defined as expressing organizationally desired emotions during service transactions (Hochschild, 1983). The difference between the emotions that an individual expresses and those he or she actually feels can be the basis of emotional exhaustion. 

EARLY POSTNATAL STRESS AND NEURAL CIRCUIT UNDERLYING EMOTIONAL REGULATION... 

Disturbances of Emotion Regulation after Focal Brain Lesions Antoine Bechara... 

Weller, A. and Feldman, R. Emotion regulation and touch in infants the role of cholecystokinin and opioids. Peptides 2003 24 779-88. 

Functions (Interpers onal Intrapersonal) Risk safety Eating food Control Self-esteem Reinforce identity New places New people Autonomy Assert independence Validation of beliefs Emotional regulation Habitual cognilive/emolional appraisal mechanisms 1 Habitual response patterns (physiological, emotional, behavioural) 1 Longterm psychological impact ... 

Miller, A.H., Capuron, L., and Raison, C.L. 2005. Immunologic influences on emotion regulation. Clin. Neurosci. Res. 4 325-333. 

Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation Reappraisal and suppression of negative canotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577-586. 

Eisenberg N. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Ann Rev Psychol. 2000 51 665-97. 

Relating to the social environment, Cordazzo et al. (2010) explains that the social interaction enables the child to acquire abilities such as communication and emotion regulation. Such social interactions provide models to be used in future interactions, thus being part of the cognitive development and the interaction with the physical world. Among the social environments of the... 

Includes mindfulness, distress tolerance (e.g. self-soothing techniques), interpersonal skills (e.g. assertiveness training), and emotional regulation. 

Additional criteria for sed often include a stipulation of critical need. Criteria for critical need often include imminent risk of hospitalization or other institutional care, suspension/expulsion, or out-of-home placement due to extreme disturbances in behavior or emotional regulation (Nyre, 1997). 

The IMHP model, now in its fifth year of operation, was developed through a public school-university collaboration to treat elementary school children (5-12 years old) with the most severe sed who (1) have extreme disturbances with emotional regulation (2) have severe deficiencies in behavioral control resulting in an inability to function in general or special education settings and (3) typically consume multiple social service, medical, therapeutic, and legal resources in the community (Vemberg, Njre, Roberts, 2000). 

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