Electrical competence

A competent person (electrical) would be a person whom the company has assessed to have the required competencies for carrying out work safely on its electrical systems. These competencies will usually stem from the individual having a formal qualification such as an NC or N/SVQ in electrical 

A senior authorised person is normally the person, or one of a small number of persons, who is in charge of the electrical system and responsible for ensuring the safety of the system and of those responsible for working on it. A senior authorised person will normally be a highly trained and experienced individual with a particularly good knowledge and understanding of the electrical safety procedures at the plant. 

Obviously authorised persons are in positions of considerable responsibility - they make systems safe for others to work on them and they therefore need to be conscientious and thorough, and these traits are essential elements of their overall competence. Any mistakes can have serious consequences, especially where high voltage work is concerned. There has been a small 

In addition to membership of these bodies, checks should be made of the companies electrical safety rules, to see that these exist and that they are relevant to the planned work. The companies risk assessments and method statements should also be checked, to ensure that a risk-based approach to work planning is being adopted. Evidence should be sought of the competence of the individual tradesmen who would be working on the premises, as well as evidence of previous work done satisfactorily by the companies in the same field as the planned work. These types of checks, if conducted conscientiously and thoroughly, would be a reasonable approach to the task of selecting competent electrical contractors. 

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In the 1980s, fundamental changes took place in the state-owned sector with the so-called privatization of the industry. First in Chile, then in the UK, the assets of the publicly-owned electricity authorities were vested in companies which issued equity shares to the general public. This change in ownership was coupled with a fundamental shift in the way electricity was produced and sold. New, cheaper, technologies such as gas-fired, combined cycle, gas turbine plant, which could be built more quickly than the traditional coal-fired steam turbine plant, and which is less labour intensive in its operation, was introduced extensively in the UK. The separate producers of electricity competed with each other on price (per kWh) to win market share. It is alleged, with some justification in the UK, that such competition has reduced the price to the end-user. 

Bottom line 7-cent electricity competes with gasoline at 1.50 per gallon... 

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has published a guidance note (GS 38) which advises electricians and other electrically competent people on the selection of suitable test probes, voltage-indicating devices and measuring instruments. This is because they consider suitably constructed test equipment to be as vital for personal safety as the training and practical skills of the electrician. In the past, unsatisfactory test probes and voltage indicators have frequently been the cause of accidents, and therefore all test probes must now incorporate the following features ... 

Measurement by quasi - constant current (steady - state value of pulse current) providing a compete tuning out from the effect of not only electric but also magnetic material properties. 

Nomially the amplitude of the total incident field (or intensity of the incident light) is such that the light/matter coupling energies are sufficiently weak not to compete seriously with the dark matter Hamiltonian. As already noted, when this is tire case, tlie induced polarization, P is treated perturbatively in orders of the total electric field. Thus one writes... 

The abrasive industry is highly competitive and many small companies worldwide successfully compete by specializing in a particular segment of the business, eg, disk wheels, mounted points, and mbber wheels. Costs in the fused abrasive industry are primarily in materials and electric power. Thus manufacturers seek out plant sites having the lowest power costs. Costs for coated abrasive manufacturers are capital and labor intensive and they seek out sources of low cost labor. 

Electrolytic Reductions. Both nitro compounds and nitriles can be reduced electrochemically. One advantage of electrochemical reduction is the cleanness of the operation. Since there are a minimum of by-products, both waste disposal and purification of the product are greatiy simplified. However, unless very cheap electricity is available, these processes are generally too expensive to compete with the traditional chemical methods. 

By employing additives to improve interfacial adhesion and the cohesive strength of the mbber phase, natural mbber can compete with ethylene—propylene mbbers as an impact modifier for polypropylene. These hard grades, containing between 15 and 25% natural mbber, have the potential for use in the automotive and domestic markets, eg, in bumpers, spoilers, grilles, electrical connectors, and floor tiles. 

Injection-Molded Products. Numerous housings, electrical enclosures, and cabinets are injection-molded from rigid PVC. These take advantage of PVC s outstanding UL flammabiUty ratings and easy mol ding into thin-waHed parts. PVC has developed melt flow capabiUties to the point where it competes with essentially any other flame-retarded engineering thermoplastic and molds easier than most. 

The Ultem PEI resins compete with PAI, polyarylethersulfone, nylon, and polyester resins in certain markets. General Electric Co. is the sole U.S. manufacturer of PEI resins. High cost coupled with stiff competition from metals and ceramics have limited growth. 

PPS resins must compete with PEI and phenoHcs. There are two domestic manufacturers of poly(phenylene sulfide) Phillips and Fortron Industries. Worldwide there is currently large overcapacity (Table 15). Four Japanese companies, ie, Toso Susteel, a joint venture of Toso/Hodogaya Chemical Toray Toprene, a joint venture of Toto Kasei/Toren Petrochemical and Kureha Chemical have a combined capacity of 82,500 t. U.S. agents sell their materials in the U.S. markets General Electric sells for Toso Susteel Soltex Polymer, part of Solvay, Belgium, sells for Toprene Hoechst-Celanese sells for Kureha. Prices for PPS resins and compounds range from 8.80/kg for unreinforced resin to 3.30/kg for 65% filled resins. 

For most apphcations, particularly in processing plants, either steam tracing or electric tracing could be used, and the correct choice is dependent on the installed costs and the operating costs of the competing systems. 

As mentioned above, the interpretation of CL cannot be unified under a simple law, and one of the fundamental difficulties involved in luminescence analysis is the lack of information on the competing nonradiative processes present in the material. In addition, the influence of defects, the surface, and various external perturbations (such as temperature, electric field, and stress) have to be taken into account in quantitative CL analysis. All these make the quantification of CL intensities difficult. Correlations between dopant concentrations and such band-shape parameters as the peak energy and the half-width of the CL emission currently are more reliable as means for the quantitative analysis of the carrier concentration. 

When dry, casein is a good electrical insulator but is seriously affected by humid conditions. For this reason it can no longer compete with the many alternative plastics materials now available for electrical applications. 

Societal risks to life and health from nuclear power plant operation should be comparable to or less than the risks of generating electricity by viable competing technologies and should not be a significant addition to other societal risks. ... 

The high sound levels produced by an electric arc furnace can be contained within a furnace enclosure if a proper acoustical design is carried out. Any design should be checked by a competent acoustician. The following points should be considered ... 

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