Electric field, total

Pulsed electric fields Total phenols and catechins Tea infusions 100% Zhao and others 2009... 

This subject has a long history and important early papers include those by Deijaguin and Landau [29] (see Ref. 30) and Langmuir [31]. As noted by Langmuir in 1938, the total force acting on the planes can be regarded as the sum of a contribution from osmotic pressure, since the ion concentrations differ from those in the bulk, and a force due to the electric field. The total force must be constant across the gap and since the field, d /jdx is zero at the midpoint, the total force is given the net osmotic pressure at this point. If the solution is dilute, then... 

Semiconductors are poor conductors of electricity at low temperatures. Since the valence band is completely occupied, an applied electric field caimot change the total momentum of the valence electrons. This is a reflection of the Pauli principle. This would not be true for an electron that is excited into the conduction band. However, for a band gap of 1 eV or more, few electrons can be themially excited into the conduction band at ambient temperatures. Conversely, the electronic properties of semiconductors at ambient temperatures can be profoundly altered by the... 

Wlien a specimen is moved in or out of an electric field or when the field is increased or decreased, the total work done on the whole system (charged condenser + field + specimen) in an infinitesimal change is... 

The work done increases the energy of the total system and one must now decide how to divide this energy between the field and the specimen. This separation is not measurably significant, so the division can be made arbitrarily several self-consistent systems exist. The first temi on the right-hand side of equation (A2.1.6) is obviously the work of creating the electric field, e.g. charging the plates of a condenser in tlie absence of the specimen, so it appears logical to consider the second temi as the work done on the specimen. 

The oscillating electric dipole density, P (the polarization), that is induced by the total incident electric field,... 

Nomially the amplitude of the total incident field (or intensity of the incident light) is such that the light/matter coupling energies are sufficiently weak not to compete seriously with the dark matter Hamiltonian. As already noted, when this is tire case, tlie induced polarization, P is treated perturbatively in orders of the total electric field. Thus one writes... 

Figure Bl.22.4. Differential IR absorption spectra from a metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as a fiinction of gate voltage (or inversion layer density, n, which is the parameter reported in the figure). Clear peaks are seen in these spectra for the 0-1, 0-2 and 0-3 inter-electric-field subband transitions that develop for charge carriers when confined to a narrow (<100 A) region near the oxide-semiconductor interface. The inset shows a schematic representation of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) arrangement used in these experiments. These data provide an example of the use of ATR IR spectroscopy for the probing of electronic states in semiconductor surfaces [44]-...

When the electric field is not aligned with the magnetic field, the conductivity is not independent of the magnetic field. Eor example, if the total electric field E is perpendicular to the magnetic field, in thejy-direction, then E" = E and E = E = 0. Then equations 39 become... 

Because both positive and negative ions move under the influence of an electric field, albeit in opposite directions, the fraction of the current carried by an ion is given by the ratio of the mobiUty of the ion and the total mobiUty of all the ions in solution. This ratio is called the transference number t of the ion. Thus ... 

The continuum electrostatic approximation is based on the assumption that the solvent polarization density of the solvent at a position r in space is linearly related to the total local electric field at that position. The Poisson equation for macroscopic continuum media... 

Now, the quadrupole moment can next be calculated by differentiating the potential to get the electric field due to the dipole moment. The reader can now see that an infinite series can be thus generated. The total electric field is simply the sum of all the individual multipole contributions, given by... 

Transport numbers are intended to measure the fraction of the total ionic current carried by an ion in an electrolyte as it migrates under the influence of an applied electric field. In essence, transport numbers are an indication of the relative ability of an ion to carry charge. The classical way to measure transport numbers is to pass a current between two electrodes contained in separate compartments of a two-compartment cell These two compartments are separated by a barrier that only allows the passage of ions. After a known amount of charge has passed, the composition and/or mass of the electrolytes in the two compartments are analyzed. Erom these data the fraction of the charge transported by the cation and the anion can be calculated. Transport numbers obtained by this method are measured with respect to an external reference point (i.e., the separator), and, therefore, are often referred to as external transport numbers. Two variations of the above method, the Moving Boundary method [66] and the Eiittorff method [66-69], have been used to measure cation (tR+) and anion (tx ) transport numbers in ionic liquids, and these data are listed in Table 3.6-7. 

In discussing the loss of entropy in an electric field, we may consider a charged sphere immersed either in an alcohol or in a dioxane-water mixture. In (19) in Sec. 8 we obtained an expression for the total amount... 

In Eq. (14.16), the sign of the right hand side equals that of the applied bias. The total charge in the semiconductor, Qt, is related to the electric field at the insula-tor-semiconductor interface, F according to Gauss s law ... 

Table 3. Total energy as a function of the position of the floating Gaussian (zg) for six strengths of the external electric field (F = 0.0,0.001,0.01,0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 a.u.h (All data in a.u., equilibrium distance = 1.474 a.u., orbital...

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