Electric vehicles battery requirements

The battery requirements of course follow the needs of the customer. Original electric-vehicle battery designs did not have the benefit of field studies to guide designs, however, and had some element of guesswork built into the assumptions. On the whole, however, most of the EV products hit home on functionality. 

The three distinct characteristics of a rechargeable battery identified in Section 1.2.4 are inextricably linked and, therefore, improvements in any one characteristic come at the expense of one or both of the others. The specific constraints of the battery vary from application to application. For example, the specific constraints are different for hybrid electric vehicles compared with all-electric vehicles, which require high-power density and lower energy density to meet optimum vehicle performance level. 

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

In the 1990s, the use of batteries in electric vehicles and for load leveling is being revived partly for environmental reasons and partly because of scarce energy resources. Improvements in battery performance and life, fewer maintenance requirements, and automatic control systems are making these appHcations feasible. Research and development is ongoing all over the world to develop improved lead—acid batteries as weU as other systems to meet these needs. 

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

Nickel-Hydrogen, Nickel-Iron, and Nickel-Metal Hydride. First developed for communication satellites in the early 1970s, nickel-hydrogen batteries are durable, require low maintenance, and have a long life expectancy. The major disadvantage is the high initial cost. For these batteries to be a viable option for electric vehicles, mass production techniques will have to be developed to reduce the cost. 

While the zinc/chlorine battery is preferred for utility load-leveling applications [49], the zinc/bromine system is the more promising one for electric vehicle requirements [50, 51]. 

At present batteries worth more than 30 billion USD are produced every year and the demand is still increasing rapidly as more and more mobile electronic end electric devices ranging from mobile phones to electric vehicles are entering into our life. The various materials required to manufacture these batteries are mostly supplied by the chemical industry. Ten thousands of chemists, physicists and material scientists are focusing on the development of new materials for energy storage and conversion. As the performance of the battery system is in many cases a key issue deciding the market success of a cordless product there is in fact a kind of worldwide race for advanced batteries. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

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