Electric vehicle battery packs

Li-ion and Ni-MH are the only two batteries currently used for all-electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Battery pack weight and cost are the most critical... 

If the battery pack of hybrid vehicles can additionally be charged with electricity from the public electricity grid, the vehicle is called plug-in hybrid. Batteries of plug-in hybrids have to be larger than those of a conventional hybrid vehicle. For short distance trips, plug-in hybrid vehicles can be operated in the electricity-only mode. Plug-in hybrids are not explicitly considered here, but addressed in more detail in Section 7.9. 

Finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV) operate on batteries alone, with all normal operations powered by the battery. As a result, a BEV has a sizable battery pack. Recharging BEVs today still requires between three and eight hours and is... 

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA s), laptop computers, and other wireless electronics. Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The world market for batteries was approximately 41 billion in 2000, which included 16.2 billion primary and 24.9 billion secondary cells. 

In Fig. 5.20, the scheme for the configuration of a solar vehicle is reported. The DC-DC converter is required to adapt the voltage generated by the solar system to the voltage range proper of battery pack and electric drive. The converter is mono-directional because no energy flux goes from the battery and motor drive toward the solar panel [3, 4]. 

A typical EV architecture is shown in Fig. 11.27. This architecture is very similar to that for the hybrid battery packs, with the exception that there may be high voltage loads, such as climate control or heaters, that will power directly from the high voltage pack. Electric vehicles are also different from all other electric drives... 

A vehicle driven by an electric motor that is powered by rechargeable batteries. Battery pack... 

Battery acid Battery fluid, acid, 8 Battery fluid, alkali, 8 Battery-powered equipment, 9 Battery-powered vehicle, 9 Battery, wet, filled with acid or alkali with automobile (or named self-propelled vehicle or mechanical equipment containing internal combustion engine) Battery, wet, with wheelchair Cells containing sodium, 4.3 Corrosive battery fluid Electric storage batteries Electrolyte (acid) for batteries Electrolyte (acid or alkali) for batteries Electrolyte (alkali) for batteries Heat producing article, battery operated equipment, 9 Lithium batteries, 9 Lithium batteries contained in equipment, 9 Lithium batteries packed with equipment, 9 M86 fuel, 3.2... 

Full electric vehicles are driven by electric motors only, powered by a battery pack that can be recharged from an external electric power source. 

This means that a particularly high energy density can be reached, measuring about 100Wh/kg for a 30 kWh pack. The various electrochemical phenomena at play in the batteries being operated, such as electron transfer or diffusion, limit the power density to around 200 W/kg in discharge for the same battery pack. The LMP s main application is the fully-electric vehicle, for which it works as an energy reservoir. When linked to a supercapacitor, whioh is a kind of power reservoir, it can provide the ideal performance for use in electric vehicles. 

Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available for over 2 decades and currently represent state-of-the-art power source for all modem consumer electronic devices. Due to its advanced chemistry, Li-ion cells exhibit superior performance characteristics over most other rechargeable battery systems. The lithium-ion technology offers a high energy and power density, long life, and reliability that makes it attractive for electric drive vehicle (EDV), military, and aerospace fields, and large format Li-ion cells and battery packs are currently under development for such applications. 

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